+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Notes | | | | Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_. Passages in bold | | are indicated by $bold$. Passages in small caps are shown in | | title case without explicit indication. Subscripted characters | | are indicated by _{subscript}. Superscripted characters are | | indicated by ^x (x is a single character). [OE] is the latin OE | | ligature. | | | | A list of inconsistencies and corrections is at the end of the | | text. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BY R. W. SINDALL, F.C.S. CONSULTING CHEMIST TO THE WOOD PULP AND PAPER TRADES; LECTURER ON PAPER-MAKING FOR THE HERTFORDSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL, THE BUCKS COUNTY COUNCIL, THE PRINTING AND STATIONERY TRADES AT EXETER HALL, 1903-4, THE INSTITUTE OF PRINTERS; TECHNICAL ADVISER TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 1905 AUTHOR OF "PAPER TECHNOLOGY," "THE SAMPLING OF WOOD PULP" JOINT AUTHOR OF "THE C.B.S. UNITS, OR STANDARDS OF PAPER TESTING," "THE APPLICATIONS OF WOOD PULP," ETC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS RELATING TO CELLULOSE AND PAPER-MAKING [Illustration] NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 23 MURRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS 1908 PREFACE Paper-making, in common with many other industries, is one in which both engineering and chemistry play important parts. Unfortunately the functions of the engineer and chemist are generally regarded as independent of one another, so that the chemist is only called in by the engineer when efforts along the lines of mechanical improvement have failed, and _vice versa_. It is impossible, however, to draw a hard and fast line, and the best results in the art of paper-making are only possible when the manufacturer appreciates the fact that the skill of both is essential to progress and commercial success. In the present elementary text-book it is only proposed to give an outline of the various stages of manufacture and to indicate some of the improvements made during recent years. The author begs to acknowledge his indebtedness to manufacturers and others who have given permission for the use of illustrations. CONTENTS