[184] Ordericus Vitalis, _Hist. Eccles._ xii. 19 ‘pro derisoriis cantionibus ... quin etiam indecentes de me cantilenas facetus choraula composuit, ad iniuriam mei palam cantavit, malevolosque mihi hostes ad cachinnos ita saepe provocavit.’ Lucas de Barre seems to have been of noble birth, but ‘palam cantavit cantilenas.’ [185] Cf. p. 30. [186] _Speculum Perfectionis_ (ed. Sabatier), 197. When Francis had finished his Canticle of the Sun, he thought for a moment of summoning ‘frater Pacificus qui in saeculo vocabatur rex versuum et fuit valde curialis doctor cantorum,’ and giving him a band of friars who might sing it to the people at the end of their sermons: ‘finitis autem laudibus volebat quod praedicator diceret populo: “Nos sumus ioculatores Domini, et pro his volumus remunerari a vobis, videlicet ut stetis in vera paenitentia.” Et ait: “Quid enim sunt servi Dei nisi quidam ioculatores eius qui corda hominum erigere debent et movere ad laetitiam spiritualem.”’ Cf. Sabatier, _Life of St. Francis_, 9, 51, 307. Perhaps Francis may have heard of Joachim of Flora, his contemporary, who wrote in his _Commentary on the Apocalypse_, f. 183. a. 2 ‘qui vere monachus est nihil reputat esse suum nisi citharam.’ [187] The MS. of the famous thirteenth-century canon _Sumer is icumen in_ has religious words written beneath the profane ones; cf. Wooldridge, _Oxford Hist. of Music_, i. 326. Several religious adaptations of common motives of profane lyric are amongst the English thirteenth-century poems preserved in Harl. MS. 2253 (_Specimens of Lyrical Poetry_: Percy Soc., 1842, no. 19, and ed. Böddeker, Berlin, 1878). [188] Jusserand, _E. W. L._ 195, 199, 215; Strutt, 194-5, 210, 227; Hazlitt-Warton, ii. 119; Chappell, i. 15; Collier, i. 22; _Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I_ (Soc. Antiq.), 163, 166, 168. [189] Cf. Appendix C. [190] Cf. Appendix D. [191] This cannot be the famous Adan de le Hale (cf. ch. viii), known as ‘le Bossu,’ if Guy, 178, is right in saying that his nephew, Jean Mados, wrote a lament for his death in 1288. He quotes _Hist. Litt._ xx. 666, as to this. [192] Gautier, ii. 103; Bédier, 405, quote many similar names; e.g. Quatre Œufs, Malebouche, Ronge-foie, Tourne-en-fuie, Courtebarbe, Porte-Hotte, Mal Quarrel, Songe-Feste a la grant viele, Mal-appareillié, Pelé, Brise-Pot, Simple d’Amour, Chevrete, Passereau. [193] William of Malmesbury, _Gesta Reg. Angl._ (R. S.), ii. 494. [194] Ordericus Vitalis, v. 12, &c. On one occasion ‘ad ecclesiam, quia nudus erat, non pervenit.’ [195] Bédier, 359. [196] Gautier, chs. xx, xxi, gives an admirable account of the _jougleur’s_ daily life, and its seamy side is brought out by Bédier, 399-418. A typical _jougleur_ figure is that of the poet Rutebeuf, a man of genius, but often near death’s door from starvation. See the editions of his works by Jubinal and Kressner, and the biography by Clédat in the series of _Grands Écrivains français_.