[245] Thomas Aquinas, _Summa Theologiae_ (†1274), ii. 2, quaest. 168, art. 3 ‘Sicut dictum est, ludus est necessarius ad conversationem vitae humanae. ad omnia autem, quae sunt utilia conversationi humanae, deputari possunt aliqua officia licita. et ideo etiam officium histrionum, quod ordinatur ad solatium hominibus exhibendum, non est secundum se illicitum, nec sunt in statu peccati: dummodo moderate ludo utantur, id est, non utendo aliquibus illicitis verbis vel factis ad ludum, et non adhibendo ludum negotiis et temporibus indebitis ... unde illi, qui moderate iis subveniunt, non peccant, sed iusta faciunt, mercedem ministerii eorum iis attribuendo. si qui autem superflue sua in tales consumunt, vel etiam sustentant illos histriones qui illicitis ludis utuntur, peccant, quasi eos in peccatis foventes. unde Augustinus dicit, _super Ioan._ quod _donare res suas histrionibus vitium est immane_,’ &c., &c. [246] Cf. Appendix G. [247] Another version of this story is given by Petrus Cantor (ob. 1197), _Verbum Abbreviatum_, c. 84 (_P. L._ ccv. 254) ‘Ioculatori cuidam papa Alexander (Alex. III) nec concessit vivere de officio suo, nec ei penitus interdixit.’ In c. 49 of the same work Petrus Cantor inveighs learnedly _Contra dantes histrionibus_. Doubtless the Alexander in question is Alexander III (1159-81), though the (Alex. III) above may be due to the seventeenth-century editor, Galopinus. A hasty glance at the voluminous and practically unindexed decrees and letters of Alexander III in _P. L._ cc. and Jaffé, _Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_ (ed. 2, 1885-8), ii. 145-418, has not revealed the source of the story; and I doubt whether the Pope’s decision, if it was ever given, is to be found in black and white. The two reports of it by Thomas de Cabham and Petrus Cantor are barely consistent. In any case, it never got into the Gregorian Decretals. [248] Gautier, ii. 42; Bédier, 389; Ten Brink, i. 186; Ducange, s. vv. _Golia_, &c.; O. Hubatsch, _Lat. Vagantenlieder des Mittelalters_ (1870). [249] _Le Département des Livres_ (Méon, _N. R._ i. 404): ‘A Bouvines delez Dinant Li perdi-je Ovide le grant ... Mon Lucan et mon Juvenal Oubliai-je a Bonival, Eustace le grant et Virgile Perdi aus dez a Abeville.’ [250] The chief collections of goliardic verse are Schmeller, _Carmina Burana_ (ed. 3, 1894), and T. Wright, _Latin Poems attributed to Walter Mapes_ (C. S. 1841): for others cf. Hubatsch, 16. Latin was not unknown amongst lay minstrels: cf. _Deus Bordeors Ribauz_ (Montaiglon-Raynaud, i. 3): ‘Mais ge sai aussi bien conter, Et en roumanz et en latin.’