John of Salisbury, _Polycraticus_ i. 8 (†1159, _P. L._ cxcix, 406), says, Satius enim fuerat otiari quam turpiter occupari. Hinc mimi, salii vel saliares, balatrones, aemiliani, gladiatores, palaestritae, gignadii, praestigiatores, malefici quoque multi, et tota ioculatorum scena procedit.’ The specific terms belong to John of Salisbury’s classical learning rather than to contemporary use; but his generic _ioculator_ is the normal mediaeval Latin term for the minstrel in the widest sense. Classically the word, like its synonym _iocularis_, is an adjective, ‘given to ioca,’ ‘merry.’ Thus Cicero, _ad Att_. iv. 16. 3 ‘huic ioculatorem senem illum interesse sane nolui.’ Similarly Firmicus Maternus (fourth century), _Mathesis_, viii. 22 ‘histriones faciat, pantomimos, ac scaenicos ioculatores,’ and 4 _Conc. Carthag._ (398), c. 60 (_C. I. C. Decr. Gratiani_, i. 46. 6) ‘clericum scurrilem et verbis turpibus ioculatorem ab officio retrahendum censemus.’ Here the technical meaning is approached, which Gautier, ii. 12, declares to be complete in Salvian (fifth century), _de gubernatione Dei_. I cannot, however, find the word in Salvian, though I do find _iugulator_, ‘cut-throat.’ I have not come across _ioculator_ as a noun before the eighth century (vol. i. p. 37), but thenceforward it is widely used for minstrels of both the _scôp_ and the _mimus_ type. A rarer form is _iocista_. _Ioculator_ gives rise to the equally wide French term _jouglere_, _jougleur_, which seems to merge with the doublet _jogeler_, _jougler_, from _iocularis_. Similarly _ioca_ becomes _jeu_, the equivalent of the classical and mediaeval Latin _ludus_, also in the widest sense. In Provençal _ioculator_ becomes _joglar_, in English _jugelour_, _jugelere_, _jogeler_, &c. Thus _S. Eng. Leg._ i. 271 (†1290) ‘Is iugelour a day bifore him pleide faste And nemde in his ryme and in is song þene deuel atþe laste’; King Horn (ed. Ritson), 1494 (†1300) ‘Men seide hit were harperis, Jogelers, ant fythelers.’ The incorrect modern French form _jongleur_ seems due to a confusion between _jougleur_ and _jangleur_, ‘babbler,’ and the English _jangler_ has a similar use; cf. _Piers the Plowman_, B. Text, _passus_ x. 31 (ed. Skeat, i. 286) ‘Iaperes and Iogeloures, and Iangelers of gestes.’ Here both words appear side by side. The English _jogelour_ sometimes has the full sense of the French _jougleur_, as in the instances just given, but as a term for minstrels of the higher or _scôp_ type it has to compete, firstly, with the native _gleeman_, from O. E. _gleoman_, _gligman_, and secondly, with _minstrel_; and as a matter of fact its commoner use is for the lower type of minstrel or buffoon, and in particular, in the exact sense of the modern _juggler_, for a conjuror, _tregetour_ or _prestigiator_. The latter is the usual meaning of _jogelour_, with the cognate _jogelrye_, in Chaucer; for the former, cf. Adam Davie (†1312) ‘the minstrels sing,