the jogelours carpe.’ In English documents the Latin _ioculator_ itself to some extent follows suit; the _ioculator regis_ of late fifteenth or early sixteenth-century accounts is not a minstrel or musician, but the royal _juggler_ (cf. vol. i. p. 68). On the other hand the Provençal _joglar_ is differentiated in the opposite sense, to denote a grade of minstrelsy raised above the mere _bufos_ (vol. i. p. 63). A street in Paris known at the end of the thirteenth century as the ‘_rue aus Jugléeurs_,’ came later to be known as the _rue des Ménétriers_ (Bernhard, iii. 378). This is significant of a new tendency in nomenclature which appears with the growth during the fourteenth century of the household entertainers at the expense of their unattached brethren of the road. _Minister_ is classical Latin for ‘inferior’ and so ‘personal attendant.’ The _ministeriales_ of the later Empire are officers personally appointed by the Emperor. Towards the end of the thirteenth century _minister_, with its diminutives _ministellus_ and _ministrallus_ (French _menestrel_), can be seen passing from the general sense of ‘household attendant’ to the special sense of ‘household _ioculator_.’ A harper was one of the _ministri_ of Prince Edward in 1270 (vol. i. p. 49). Gautier, ii. 13, 51, quotes _li famles_ (_famuli_) as a synonym for such _ioculatores_, and such doublets as ‘menestrel et serviteur,’ ‘menestrel et varlet de chambre.’ The _ministeralli_ of Philip IV in 1288 include, with the musicians, the _rex heraudum_ and the _rex ribaldorum_. From the beginning of the fourteenth century, however, _ministrallus_, with French _menestrel_, _menestrier_, and English _menestrel_, _mynstral_, is firmly established in the special sense. The antithesis between the _ministrallus_ and the unattached _ioculator_ appears in the terminology of the 1321 statutes of the Paris guild, ‘menestreus et menestrelles, jougleurs et jougleresses’; but even this disappears, and the new group of terms becomes equivalent to the _ioculator_ group in its widest sense. So too, _ministralcia_, _menestrardie_, _minstralcie_, although chiefly used, as by Chaucer, for music, are not confined to that; e.g. _Derby Accounts_, 109, ‘cuidam tumblere facienti ministralciam suam.’ The word is here approaching very near its kinsman _métier_ (vol. ii. p. 105). Wright-Wülcker, 596, 693, quotes from the fifteenth-century glossaries, ‘_simphonia_, mynstrylsy,’ and ‘_mimilogium_, mynstrisye.’