about 954, and Bishop of Winchester in 963. In 965 Elfrida, who is also mentioned in the _Prooemium_, became queen. The date of the _Concordia_ probably falls, therefore, between 965 and the death of Edgar in 975. There were Councils of Winchester in 969 and 975 (Wilkins, i. 247, 261): but the Council at which the _Concordia_ was undertaken may be an earlier one, not otherwise recorded. The _Concordia_ is said in the _Prooemium_ to have been based in part upon customs of Fleury and of Ghent. It is worth pointing out that Ethelwold had already reformed Abingdon after the model of Fleury, and that Dunstan, during his banishment, had found refuge in St. Peter’s at Ghent (Stephens-Hunt, _Hist. of the English Church_, i. 347, 349). Miss Bateson suggests that another source is to be found in the writings of an earlier Benedictine reformer, Benedict of Aniane (_E. H. R._ ix. 700).] _De Consuetudine Monachorum._ Prohemum Regularis Concordiae Anglicae Nationis Monachorum Sanctimonialiumque Orditur. [The _Prooemium_ opens with an account of the piety of King Edgar ‘abbate quodam assiduo monente’ and the purification of the English monasteries.] ... Regulari itaque sancti patris Benedicti norma honestissime suscepta, tam abbates perplurimi quam abbatissae cum sibi subiectis fratrum sororumque collegiis sanctorum sequi vestigia una fide non tamen uno consuetudinis usu certatim cum magna studuerunt hilaritate. Tali igitur ac tanto studio praefatus rex magnopere delectatus arcana quaeque diligenti cura examinans synoda le concilium Wintoniae fieri decrevit ... cunctosque ... monuit ut concordes aequali consuetudinis usu ... nullo modo dissentiendo discordarent.... Huius praecellentissimi regis sagaci monitu spiritualiter conpuncti non tantum episcopi verum etiam abbates et abbatissae ... eius imperiis toto mentis conamine alacriter obtemperantes, sanctique patroni nostri Gregorii documenta quibus beatum Augustinum monere studuit, ut non solum Romanae verum etiam Galliarum honestos ecclesiarum usus rudi Anglorum ecclesia decorando constitueret, recolentes, accitis Floriacensibus beati Benedicti nec non praecipui coenobii quod celebri Gent nuncupatur vocabulo monachis quaeque ex dignis eorum moribus honesta colligentes, ... has morum consuetudines ad vitae honestatem et regularis observantiae dulcedinem ... hoc exiguo apposuerunt codicello.... Hoc etenim Dunstanus egregius huius patriae archiepiscopus praesago afflatus spiritu ad corroborandum praefati sinodalis conventus conciliabulum provide ac sapienter addidit, ut videlicet. [On Maundy Thursday] In qua missa sicut in sequentium dierum communicatio prebetur tam fratribus quam cunctis fidelibus reservata nihilominus ea die eucharistia quae sufficit ad communicandum cunctis altera die....