In the present state of our knowledge it is a little difficult to be precise as to the range or date of the _Pastores_. The only full mediaeval Latin text, other than that of Rouen, which has come to light, is also of Norman origin, and is still unprinted[167]. In the eighteenth century the play survived at Lisieux and Clermont[168]. The earliest Rouen manuscript is of the thirteenth century, and the absence of any reference to the _Officium Pastorum_ by John of Avranches, who writes primarily of Rouen, and who does mention the _Officium Stellae_, makes it probable that it was not there known about 1070[169]. Its existence, however, in England in the twelfth century is shown by the Lichfield _Statutes_ of 1188-98, and on the whole it is not likely to have taken shape later than the eleventh. Very likely it never, as a self-contained play, acquired the vogue of the _Quem quaeritis_. As will be seen presently, it was overshadowed and absorbed by rivals. I find no trace of it in Germany, where the _praesepe_ became a centre, less for liturgical drama, than for carols, dances, and ‘crib-rocking[170].’ Still rarer than the _Pastores_ is the drama, presumably belonging to Innocents’ day, of _Rachel_. It is found in a primitive form, hardly more than a trope, in a Limoges manuscript of the eleventh century. Here it is called _Lamentatio Rachel_, and consists of a short _planctus_ by Rachel herself, and a short reply by a consoling angel. There is nothing to show what place it occupied in the services[171]. The fact is that both the _Pastores_ and the _Rachel_ were in many churches taken up into a third drama belonging to the Epiphany. This is variously known as the _Tres Reges_, the _Magi_, _Herodes_, and the _Stella_. It exists in a fair number of different but related forms. Like the _Quem quaeritis_ and the _Pastores_, it had a material starting-point, in the shape of a star, lit with candles, which hung from the roof of the church, and could sometimes be moved, by a simple mechanical device, from place to place[172]. As with the _Quem quaeritis_, the development of the _Stella_ must be studied without much reference to the relative age of the manuscripts in which it happens to be found. But it was probably complete by the end of the eleventh century, since manuscripts of that date contain the play in its latest forms[173].