CHAPTER XVIII LITURGICAL PLAYS [_Bibliographical Note._—The liturgical drama is fully treated by W. Creizenach, _Geschichte des neueren Dramas_ (vol. i, 1893), Bk. 2; L. Petit de Julleville, _Les Mystères_ (1880), vol. i. ch. 2; A. d’Ancona, _Origini del Teatro Italiano_ (2nd ed. 1891), Bk. 1, chh. 3-6; M. Sepet, _Origines catholiques du Théâtre moderne_ (1901), and by L. Gautier in _Le Monde_ for Aug. and Sept. 1872. The studies of W. Meyer, _Fragmenta Burana_ (1901), and C. Davidson, _English Mystery Plays_ (1892), are also valuable. A. W. Ward, _History of English Dramatic Literature_ (2nd ed. 1899), vol. i. ch. 1 deals very slightly with the subject. A good popular account is M. Sepet, _Le Drame chrétien au Moyen Âge_ (1878). Of older works, the introduction to E. Du Méril’s _Origines latines du Théâtre moderne_ (1849, facsimile reprint, 1896) is the best. The material collected for vol. ii of C. Magnin’s _Origines du Théâtre_ is only available in the form of reviews in the _Journal des Savants_ (1846-7), and lecture notes in the _Journal général de l’Instruction publique_ (1834-6). Articles by F. Clément, L. Deschamps de Pas, A. de la Fons-Melicocq, and others in A. N. Didron’s _Annales archéologiques_ (1844-72) are worth consulting; those of F. Clément are reproduced in his _Histoire de la Musique religieuse_ (1860). There are also some notices in J. de Douhet, _Dictionnaire des Mystères_ (1854).—The texts of the _Quem quaeritis_ are to be studied in G. Milchsack, _Die Oster- und Passionsspiele_, vol. i (all published, 1880), and C. Lange, _Die lateinischen Osterfeiern_ (1887). The former compares 28, the latter no less than 224 manuscripts. The best general collection of texts is that of Du Méril already named: others are T. Wright, _Early Mysteries and other Latin Poems_ (1838); E. de Coussemaker, _Drames liturgiques du Moyen Âge_ (1860), which is valuable as giving the music as well as the words; and A. Gasté, _Les Drames liturgiques de la Cathédrale de Rouen_ (1893). A few, including the important _Antichristus_, are given by R. Froning, _Das Drama des Mittelalters_ (1891). The original sources are in most cases the ordinary service-books. But a twelfth-century manuscript from St. Martial of Limoges (_Bibl. Nat. Lat._ 1139) has four plays, a _Quem quaeritis_, a _Rachel_, a _Prophetae_, and the _Sponsus_. Facsimiles are in E. de Coussemaker, _Histoire de l’Harmonie au Moyen Âge_ (1852). A thirteenth-century manuscript from Fleury (_Orleans MS._ 178) has no less than ten, a _Quem quaeritis_, a _Peregrini_, a _Stella_ in two parts, a _Conversio Pauli_, a _Suscitatio Lazari_ and four _Miracula S. Nicholai_. Two later plays and fragments of three others are found in the famous thirteenth-century manuscript from Benedictbeuern