The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604)) — John Shaqi
The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))Bourke, John Gregory
Religion
The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))
Bourke, John Gregory
Apache Indians -- Medicine; Apache Indians -- Religion; Apache Indians -- Rites and ceremonies; Shamans -- New Mexico
Of the reason for making use of such a trophy or relic, there is not
much to be said; even the savages know little and say less. From the
best information that I have been able to gather, it would seem to be
based partly upon a vainglorious desire to display the proofs of
personal prowess, and partly upon the vague and ill defined, but
deeply rooted, belief in the talismanic or "medicinal" potency
possessed by all parts of the human body, especially after death. It
was such a belief which impelled the Mandan, Aztecs, and others of the
American tribes to preserve the skulls of their dead as well as (among
the Aztecs) those of the victims sacrificed in honor of their gods. As
has been shown in another place, the Zuñi and others take care to
offer food at stated periods to the scalps of their enemies.
The use of necklaces of human fingers or of human teeth is to be found
in many parts of the world, and besides the fingers themselves, we
find the whole arm, or in other cases only the nails. The Cheyenne did
not always restrict themselves to fingers; they generally made use of
the whole hand, or the arm of the slaughtered enemy. In a colored
picture drawn and painted by one of themselves I have a representation
of a scalp dance, in which the squaws may be seen dressed in their
best, carrying the arms of enemies elevated on high poles and lances.
There is no doubt in my mind that this custom of the Cheyenne of
cutting off the arm or hand gave rise to their name in the sign
language of the "Slashers," or "Wrist Cutters," much as the
corresponding tribal peculiarity of the Dakota occasioned their name
of the "Coupe Gorge" or "Throat Cutters."
The necklace of human fingers is found among other tribes. A necklace
of four human fingers was seen by the members of the Lewis and Clarke
expedition among the Shoshoni at the headwaters of the Columbia, in
the early years of the present century. Early in the spring of 1858
Henry Youle Hind refers to the allies of the Ojibwa on Red River as
having "two fingers severed from the hands of the unfortunate
Sioux."[131] In Eastman's "Legends of the Sioux," we read of
"Harpsthinah, one of the Sioux women, who wore as long as she could
endure it, a necklace made of the hands and feet of Chippewah
children."[132] We read that in New Zealand, "Several rows of human
teeth, drawn on a thread, hung on their breasts."[133] Capt. Cook
speaks of seeing fifteen human jaw bones attached to a semicircular
board at the end of a long house on the island of Tahiti. "They
appeared to be fresh, and there was not one of them that wanted a
single tooth;"[134] and also, "the model of a canoe, about three feet
long, to which were tied eight human jaw bones; we had already learnt
that these were trophies of war."[135] Capt. Byron, R. N., saw in the
Society Islands, in 1765, a chief who "had a string of human teeth
about his waist, which was probably a trophy of his military
prowess."[136]
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