Hymns, Latin -- History and criticism; Sequences (Liturgy)
A third theory emphasizes the metrical form of the _alleluia_ melody as
the determining factor in creating a new poetical rhythm.[20] Here, the
desire to create fitting expressions of praise is not explained so much
as the form in which the praises are cast. Von Winterfeld thought that
rhythmical prose was inseparable from the liturgical music which had
already been composed, just as the Greek chorus and the Wagnerian music
drama found their complement in a dignified and sonorous prose
rhythm.[21] This theory may well be called the liturgical. It is most
significant for the lyrical movement in general since a new metrical
form is created differing from the Ambrosian meter or the revived
classical meters popular among Carolingian poets. The lyric is born
again, as Meyer expresses it, in the music of the church.[22] A poem
arises consisting of a series of parallel strophes with introduction and
conclusion, a lyric counterpart to the musical phrases of the
_sequentia_.
II. Sequences of the German School
The importance played by St. Gall in the development of the sequence has
given rise to the theory that it originated there. Present-day opinion,
as indicated above, concedes that sequences arose in France and that St.
Gall is not a place of origin but like St. Martial, a prominent center
for their composition and diffusion. Other centers were Metz, Murbach,
Fulda, Echternach, Kremünster and St. Florian. Reichenau, too, was
important in music and in the spread of sequence poetry.[23]
Notker Balbulus, (840?-912), was largely responsible for the enviable
reputation enjoyed by St. Gall. Born in Switzerland, Notker had entered
the Benedictine monastery at St. Gall as a child to be educated and
there he continued as a member of the Order until his death. A pupil and
later a teacher of the music school in the period of Louis the Pious and
Louis the German, he shared the life of the Abbey during the height of
its reputation, when its doors were open to travelers from every land
and every rank of society. Notker himself tells of the refugee from the
French monastery of Jumièges who brought with him his famous
Antiphonary. Tradition has it that Notker composed words to fit the
forms of the _alleluia-iubilus_, note for note, already in use in his
monastery, and thus originated the sequence, finding his inspiration,
not in the Ambrosian hymns but in the liturgy.[24] The Jumièges
Antiphonary reached St. Gall about 860, by which time _prosae_ were
already known in France. There is evidence, moreover, from manuscripts,
that texts existed before Notker’s time in St. Gall. He is not their
first composer nor are the sequences emanating from St. Gall necessarily
all Notker’s work. “Notkerian” means for sequences what “Ambrosian”
means for hymns.
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