character of the famous man. Another aid to identification is the circumstance that a colossus could represent no one but a preéminent person; and this criterion favors the Neapolitan head of Cæsar mentioned above. The colossus statue in the Conservatori Palace seems to be authentic, but was made a half century or more after his death. The face is fuller than the literary description or the coins would warrant, but the difference may well be due to idealization. The images on coins are doubtless true likenesses, but in the case of his sculptured portraits we can only deal in probabilities. For Pompey we are in a less fortunate condition. The colossal statue in the Palazzo Spada, a detail of which is given in this number, has long passed as the image at the feet of which Cæsar met his death; but the proof is insufficient, and it seems at least as likely that it represents an emperor. Other portraits are equally uncertain. The Madrid bust of Cicero is genuine, and well represents the orator’s great intelligence with a momentary expression of scorn. The better-known Vatican head, the bust of which is modern, is also genuine and stands second in merit. For Cleopatra there are no certain sculptural portraits. The reclining woman of the Ariadne type has been mistaken for her because of the snake, as she is known to have died by the bite of an asp. The illustration is given merely because it long passed for Cleopatra and is a Greek work of rare beauty. Her true image is shown on coins. The various reproductions of edifices are not creations of the fancy, but have been carefully worked out by archæologists from remains of buildings according to the well established principles of architecture. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6. No. 2, SERIAL No. 150 COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF BIOGRAPHY MARCH 1, 1918 JULIUS CÆSAR By GEORGE WILLIS BOTSFORD _Late Professor of History, Columbia University. Author of “Story of Rome,” “History of Rome,” etc._ _MENTOR GRAVURES_ JULIUS CÆSAR THE ROMAN FORUM IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR THE RIVER TIBER IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR _MENTOR GRAVURES_ CÆSAR CROSSING THE RUBICON DEATH OF CÆSAR RUINS OF THE TEMPLE OF THE DEIFIED CÆSAR [Illustration: From History of Rome, by G. W. Botsford, The Macmillan Co., Publishers JULIUS CÆSAR] Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1913, at the postoffice at New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by The Mentor Association, Inc. _Rome’s Conquest of the Civilized World_