3. It is certainly an essential condition that we should not believe the act to be wrong; and this implies that we should not believe it to be wrong for any similar person in similar circumstances: but this implication, though it may supply a valuable practical rule, cannot furnish a complete criterion of right conduct. 207-210 4. The _existence_ of apparent cognitions of right conduct, intuitively obtained, as distinct from their validity, will scarcely be questioned; and to establish their validity it is not needful to prove their ‘originality.’ 210-214 5. Both particular and universal intuitions are found in our common moral thought: but it is for the latter that ultimate validity is ordinarily claimed by intuitional moralists. We must try, by reflecting on Common Sense, how far we can state these Moral Axioms with clearness and precision. 214-216 CHAPTER II VIRTUE AND DUTY 1. Duties are Right acts, for the adequate performance of which a moral motive is at least occasionally necessary. Virtuous conduct includes the performance of duties as well as praiseworthy acts that are thought to go beyond strict duty, and that may even be beyond the power of some to perform. 217-221 2. Virtues as commonly recognised, are manifested primarily in volitions to produce particular right effects--which must at least be thought by the agent to be not wrong--: but for the completeness of some virtues the presence of certain emotions seems necessary. 221-228 3. It may be said that Moral Excellence, like Beauty, eludes definition: but if Ethical Science is to be constituted, we must obtain definite Moral Axioms. 228-230 CHAPTER III THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES 1. The common conception of Wisdom assumes a harmony of the ends of different ethical methods: all of which--and not one rather than another--the wise man is commonly thought to aim at and attain as far as circumstances admit. 231-233 2. The Will is to some extent involved in forming wise decisions: but more clearly in acting on them--whatever we may call the Virtue thus manifested. 233-236 3. Of minor intellectual excellences, some are not strictly Virtues: others are, such as Caution and Decision, being in part voluntary. 236-237 Note 237 CHAPTER IV BENEVOLENCE 1. The Maxim of Benevolence bids us to some extent _cultivate_ affections, and confer happiness 238-241