In this the values of the vowels are as follows: 1. _a_ as the italicized letters in f_a_ther, f_a_r (never like _a_ in h_a_t); e.g., _chang_, _hang_--sounded almost as if written _chahng_, _hahng_, not flat as in the English words _sang_, _bang_, _man_, etc. 2. _ă_ like the short _u_ in b_u_t, or as any of the italicized vowels in Americ_a_n, s_u_mmer, m_o_ther; the German _ö_ approaches this sound, while Wade writes it _ê_; e.g., p_ă_n, t_ă_ng, to be pronounced as _pun_, _tongue_. 3. _e_ as in m_e_n, d_ea_d, s_ai_d; as _teh_, _shen_, _yen_. 4. _é_, the French _é_, as in th_e_y, n_ei_gh, pr_a_y; as ch_é_, y_é_, pronounced _chay_, _yay_. 5. _i_ as in p_i_n, f_i_n_i_sh; as _sing_, _lin_, _Chihlí_. 6. _í_ as in mach_i_ne, bel_ie_ve, f_ee_l, m_e_; as _lí_, _Kíshen_, _Kanghí_. 7. _o_ as in l_o_ng, l_aw_n; never like n_o_, cr_ow_; as _to_, _soh_, _po_. 8. _u_ as in r_u_le, t_oo_, f_oo_l; as _Turk_, _Belur_, _ku_, _sung_; pronounced _Toork_, _Beloor_, _koo_, _soong_. This sound is heard less full in _fuh_, _tsun_, and a few other words; this and the next may be considered as equivalent to the two _u_-sounds found in German. 9. _ü_ nearly as in l’_u_ne (French), or _u_nion, rh_eu_m; as _hü_, _tsü_. 10. _ai_ as in _ai_sle, h_igh_, or longer than _i_ in p_i_ne; as _Shanghai_, _Hainan_. The combination _ei_ is more slender than _ai_, though the difference is slight; e.g., _Kwei chau_. 11. _au_ and _ao_ as in r_ou_nd, _ou_r, h_ow_; as _Fuhchau_, _Macao_, _Taukwang_. 12. _éu_ as in the colloquial phrase _say ’em_; e.g., _chéung_. This diphthong is heard in the Canton dialect. 13. _ia_ as in _ya_rd; e.g., _hia_, _kiang_; not to be sounded as if written _high-a_, _kigh-ang_, but like _heä_, _keäng_. 14. _iau_ is made by joining Nos. 5 and 11; _hiau_, _Liautung_. 15. _ie_ as in s_ie_rra (Spanish), R_ie_nzi; e.g., _hien_, _kien_. 16. _iu_ as in p_ew_, p_u_re, lengthened to a diphthong; _kiu_, _siun_. 17. _iue_ is made by adding a short _e_ to the preceding; _kiuen_, _hiuen_. 18. _ui_ as in L_oui_siana, s_ui_cide; e.g., _sui_, _chui_. The consonants are sounded generally as they are in the English alphabet. _Ch_ as in _ch_urch; _hw_ as in _wh_en; _j_ soft, as _s_ in plea_s_ure; _kw_ as in aw_kw_ard; _ng_, as an initial, as in si_nging_, leaving off the first two letters; _sz’_ and _tsz’_ are to be sounded full with one breathing, but none of the English vowels are heard in it; the sound stops at the _z_; Dr. Morrison wrote these sounds _tsze_ and _sze_, while Sir Thomas Wade, whose system bids fair to become the most widely employed, turns them into _ssŭ_ and _tzŭ_. The _hs_ of the latter, made by omitting the first vowel of _hissing_, is written simply as _h_ by the author. _Urh_, or _’rh_, is pronounced as the three last letters of _purr_.