The Molecular Tactics of a CrystalKelvin, William Thomson, Baron
Science
The Molecular Tactics of a Crystal
Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron
Crystallography, Mathematical
Consider a solid _S_{1}_ and the twelve neighbours which touch it,
and try if it is possible to cause it to touch more than twelve of
the bodies. Attach ends of three thick flexible wires to any places
on the surface of _S_{1}_; carry the wires through interstices of the
assemblage, and attach their other ends at any three places of _A_,
_B_, _C_, respectively, these being any three of the bodies outside
the cluster of _S_{1}_ and its twelve neighbours. Cut the wires across
at any chosen positions in them; and round off the cut ends, just
leaving contact between the rounded ends, which we shall call _f′f_,
_g′g_, _h′h_. Do homogeneously for every other solid of the assemblage
what we have done for _S_{1}_. Now bend the wires slightly so as to
separate the pairs of points of contact, taking care to keep them
from touching any other bodies which they pass near on their courses
between _S_{1}_ and _A_, _B_, _C_ respectively. After having done this,
thoroughly rigidify all the wires thus altered. We may now, having
three independent variables at our disposal, so change the orientation
of the molecules, relatively to rows of the assemblage, as to bring
_f′f_, _g′g_, and _h′h_ again into contact. We have thus six fresh
points of _S_{1}_; of which three are _f′_, _g′_, _h′_; and the other
three are on the three extensions of _S_{1}_ corresponding to the
single extensions of _A_, _B_, _C_ respectively, which we have been
making. Thus we have a _real_ solution of the interesting geometrical
problem:--It is required so to form a homogeneous assemblage of solids
of any arbitrarily given shape that each solid shall be touched by
eighteen others. This problem is determinate, because the making of
the three contacts _f′f_, _g′g_, _h′h_, uses up the three independent
variables left at our disposal after we have first formed a homogeneous
assemblage with twelve points of contact on each solid. But our manner
of finding a shape for each solid which can allow the solution of the
problem to be real, proves that the solution is essentially imaginary
for every wholly convex shape.
§ 35. Pausing for a moment longer to consider afresh the geometrical
problem of putting arbitrarily given equal and similar solids together
to make a homogeneous assemblage of which each member is touched by
eighteen others, we see immediately that it is determinate (whether it
has any real solution or not), because when the shape of each body is
given we have nine disposables for fixing the assemblage: six for the
character of the assemblage of the corresponding points, and three for
the orientation of each molecule relatively to rows of the assemblage
of corresponding points. These nine disposables are determined by the
condition that each body has nine pairs of contacts with others.
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