Hakam ii., 152--His library, 155--Hishām II., 156--Seclusion in the harīm, 156--The Queen-mother Aurora, 156--Harīm influence, 157--Rise of Ibn-Abī-Amir, surnamed Almanzor, 157--His campaign with Ghālib against the Christians, 159--He becomes Prime Minister, 160--His absolute rule, 161--Policy, 162--Fortitude, 162--Resource, 162--The new army, 163--Campaigns against the Christians of the North, 164--Invasion of Leon, Barcelona, and Galicia, 165--Capture of St. Santiago de Compostella, 165--Unchecked victories, 166--Death, 166--"Buried in Hell," 166. X. THE BERBERS IN POWER 167 Anarchy after Almanzor's death, 167--His sons, 169--Succession of puppet Khalifs, 170--Misery of Hishām III., 171--Massacres and pillaging, 173--The Slavs and the Berbers, 175--Sack of the City of Ez-Zabrā, 175--Petty dynasties, 176--Advance of the Christians of Leon and Castile, 176--Alfonso vi., 177--The Cid, 177--The Moors call in the Almoravides, 178--Battle of Zallāka, 179--Character of the Almoravides, 180--They subdue Andalusia, 181--Their tyranny and demoralization, 183--The expulsion of the Almoravides, 184. XI. MY CID THE CHALLENGER 185 State of the Christian powers in the North, 185--Fernando I., 186--Vassalage of the Mohammedan princes, 186--Character of the Christians and Moors contrasted, 189--The _chevaliers d'industrie_, 191--The Cid Rodrigo de Bivar, 191--His title of Campeador, 191--His panegyrists, 192--Dozy's "real Cid," 192--_The Chronicle of the Cid_, 193--Heroic character, 193--The Cid's first appearance in history, 195--His services to Castile, 195--His banishment, 195--Takes service with the Moorish king of Zaragoza, 200--Fights against the Christians of Barcelona, 201--At Valencia, 205--Raid upon Leon, 206--Siege of Valencia, 206--Battle with the Almoravides, 209--Death and burial of the Cid, 213. XII. THE KINGDOM OF GRANADA 214 Invasion of Andalusia by the Almohades, 214--Victory at Alarcos, 217--Defeat at Las Navas, 217--Expulsion of the Almohades, 217--Advance of the Christians, 217--Granada alone left to the Moors, 218--Dynasty of the Beny-Nasr of Granada, 218--Their tribute to Castile, 221--The Alhambra, 221--Ferdinand and Isabella, 232--Abul-Hasan (Alboacen) throws off his allegiance, 232--Capture of Zahara, 233--Fall of Alhama, 235--Disasters of the Christians in the mountains of Malaga, 236--Defeat of the Moors at Lucena, 242--Boabdil made prisoner, 245. XIII. THE FALL OF GRANADA 246