[14] _Cf._ Plato's _Republic_, _passim_, but especially Book IV. Plato makes the state analogous to the individual organism, requiring baser classes that shall permanently supply its lower functions, as well as classes that shall supply its higher functions and so participate in its full benefits. [15] Aristotle: _Politics_, Book II, Chapter V, translated by Jowett, p. 35. _Cf._ also Chapter II. [16] Epictetus: _Op. cit._, Book II, Chapter XV, translated by Long, Vol. I, p. 189. [17] Sophocles: _Antigone_, translated by G. H. Palmer, pp. 61, 62. [18] Munro and Sellery: _Medieval Civilization_, pp. 349-350. [19] Castiglione: _Op. cit._, p. 261. [20] Quoted from Diog. Laert. by Jones, _Op. cit._, p. 69. For a full account, _cf._ Aristotle's _Nicomachean Ethics_, Books VIII and IX, translated by Welldon, pp. 245-314. [21] Walter Bagehot: _Physics and Politics_, No. V, in the edition of the International Scientific Series, pp. 165-166. _Cf._ this chapter _passim_. [22] Matthew Arnold: _Culture and Anarchy_, p. 100. [23] Quoted by Jones: _Op. cit._, p. 128. [24] Ibid. [25] Arnold: _Op. cit._, pp. 25-26. _Cf. passim_. [26] Euripides: _Medea_, translated by Gilbert Murray, pp. 67-68. {260} [27] _Cf., e. g._, Aristotle, _Nicomachean Ethics_, Book X. Also J. A. Farrer's _Paganism and Christianity, passim_; and Paulsen, _op. cit._, Book I, Chapters I-III. [28] Sir Thomas Browne; _Religio Medici_, edited by J. M. Dent & Co., p. 97. [29] W. James: _Pragmatism_, p. 230. [30] Browne: _Op. cit._, pp. 118-119. [31] _Ibid._, p. 110. [32] Castiglione: _Op. cit._, pp. 304-305. CHAPTER IV [1] The nearest approach to such a philosophy of history is George Santayana's Life of Reason. The reader will find it the best book of reference for this and the following chapter. _Cf._ also, Samuel Alexander's Moral Order and Progress. [2] Bagehot: _Op. cit._, No. VI, pp. 208-209. [3] _Ibid._, p. 161. [4] Nietsche: _Op. cit._, pp. 65-66. [5] For a general ethical discussion of the function of government, _cf._ Santayana: _Reason in Society_, Chapters III-VIII. [6] Sophocles: _Antigone_, translated by Palmer, pp. 60, 63-64. [7] 1 Samuel, Chapter VIII. [8] Quoted in Taine's _Philosophy of Art in Greece_, translated by J. Durand, p. 130. [9] Thucydides: _Peloponnesian War_, Book II, Chapters 37-40, translated by Jowett, pp. 117-119. [10] Plato: _Republic_, Book IV, p. 433, translated by Jowett. [11] Burke: Op. cit., p. 43. [12] For a brief statement of the elements of political science in their application to modern institutions, _cf._ E. Jenks: _A History of Politics_. [12] Arnold: _The Future of Liberalism_, in the volume, _Mixed Essays, Irish Essays and Others_, p. 383. _Cf._ also the admirable essay on Democracy in the same volume. [14] Plato: _Republic_, Book I, p. 335, translated by Jowett. [15] Wells: _Op. cit._, pp. 130-131. {261} CHAPTER V