[Footnote 3: Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella. Introduction, p. 48.] [Footnote 4: Hallam's Hist. of Middle Ages, Vol. 2, p. 30.] [Footnote 5: Robertson's Introduction to Life of Charles V., Section 3d; also Prescott.] [Footnote 6: What an effect this early liberty had in stimulating thought can be seen in a few moments by glancing over the pages of Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature.] [Footnote 7: For some statements as to hardy characteristics of Spanish peasantry, see Doblado's Letters from Spain. Letter 2.] [Footnote 8: Sempere, p. 205.] [Footnote 9: Mariana Hist. of Spain.] [Footnote 10: Mariana, History of Spain.] [Footnote 11: Mariana, History of Spain, XIII., 11.] [Footnote 12: "There probably never lived a prince who, during so long a period, was adored by his subjects as Philip II. was." Buckle, Vol. II., page 21. This explains the popularity of Henry VIII. of England better than all Froude's volumes, able as they are.] [Footnote 13: All this examination into Aristocratic agency in Spanish decline is left out of Buckle's Summary. He passes at once to Ecclesiasticism and Despotism; but the unprejudiced reader will, I think, see that this statement is supplementary to that. In no other way can any man explain the fatuity of the Spaniards in throwing away these old liberties.] [Footnote 14: _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_; English translation of 1784; pp. 109-10. Compare also _L'Esprit des Lois_, liv. xiv., chap. 1.] [Footnote 15: Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, chap. 2.] [Footnote 16: Fall of Roman Empire, last part of chap. 1.] [Footnote 17: _Histoire de la Civilisation en France_, 2mc Leçon.] [Footnote 18: History of Roman Republic, Book III., chap. 1.] [Footnote 19: Schlosser, _Weltgeshichte für das Deutsche Volk_; vol. iv., xiv., 1.] [Footnote 20: Essay on the Fall of Rome; Essays, vol. iii., p. 445.] [Footnote 21: History of the Romans, vol. vii., pp. 480-81.] [Footnote 22: Bancroft's Miscellanies.] [Footnote 23: The Roman and the Teuton--Lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge, p. 20.] [Footnote 24: Guizot, _Civilisation en Europe, 10me Leçon_; also Trollope's History of Florence, vol. 1., chap. 2.] [Footnote 25: Trollope's History of Florence, as above.] [Footnote 26: Any historical student can easily satisfy himself of the truth of this statement by comparing the cases given by Barante in his _Hist. des Ducs de Bourgogne_ with those given by Sismondi in the _Hist. des Républiques Italiennes_.] [Footnote 27: _Inferno_; canto xii., 138.] [Footnote 28: _Ibid_; canto vi., 60.] [Footnote 29: _Histoire des Républiques Italiennes_, vol. x.] [Footnote 30: For the working out of this principle by French and English nobilities into cruelties more frightful and inexcusable than any known to the Inquisition, see Orderic Vital Liv. XII. and XIII., also Barante's _Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne_.]