[Footnote 31: For examples of the brilliant side of Polish history presented, and dark side forgotten, see Chodzko _La Pologne Historique Monumentale et Pittoresque_. For fair summaries, see Alison's Essay, and his chapter on Poland, in the History of Europe--the best chapter in the book. The main authorities I have followed are Rulhière and Salvandy.] [Footnote 32: This statement is based upon my own observations in Poland in the years 1855-6.] [Footnote 33: Rulhière, _Anarchie de Pologne_. Vol. I., page 47.] [Footnote 34: Salvandy, _Vie de Jean Sobieski_. Vol. I., page 115.] [Footnote 35: The effects of Polish anarchy at home and intrigue abroad are pictured fully in a few simple touches in the "_Journal du Voyage de Boyard Chérémétieff_." (_Bibliotheque Russe et Polonaise._) Vol. IV., page 13.] [Footnote 36: To understand the causes of this deep hatred, see Monteil, _Histoire des Français des divers Etats, Epitre 22_.] [Footnote 37: St. Beuve, _Causeries de Lundi_. Also Matthew Arnold's Essays.] [Footnote 38: Guizot, _Civilisation en France, 19me Leçon_; also _Hüllman's, Staedtewesen des Mittelalters_. Vol. III., Chapter 1.] [Footnote 39: For these preposterous complaints and claims see the _Cahiers de doléances_ quoted in Sir James Stephens' Lectures.] [Footnote 40: Some details of Richelieu's grapple with the aristocracy I have given in the Atlantic Monthly, Vol. ix., page 611.] [Footnote 41: For samples of the _mental_ calibre of French nobility under this regime, see case of Baron de Breteuil, who believed that Moses wrote the Lord's Prayer. Bayle St. John's translation of St. Simon, Vol. I., p. 179. For sample of their _moral_ debasement, see case of M. de Vendome. _Ibid._, Vol. I., p. 187.] [Footnote 42: In _Les Plaideurs_.] [Footnote 43: _In Le Médecin Malgré lui_, and other plays.] [Footnote 44: _In Le Marriage Forcé._] [Footnote 45: _La Noblesse Commerçante._ London, 1756.] [Footnote 46: For general account, see _Mignet_, or _Louis Blanc_, or _Thiers_. For speeches in detail, see _Buchez et Roux, Histoire Parlémentaire_, Vol. II., pp. 224-243.] [Footnote 47: _Challamel Histoire-Musée de la République Française_, Vol. I., pp. 72-75, where some of these illustrations can be found.] [Footnote 48: _Buchez and Roux_, Vol. II., p. 231.] [Footnote 49: _Mignet_, Vol. I.] [Footnote 50: _Histoire de la Révolution Française par Deux Amis de la Liberté_, Vol. II., p. 228.] [Footnote 51: Any American, whose ideas have been wrested Torywise by Alison, can satisfy himself of the utter inability of an English Tory to write any history involving questions of liberty, by simply looking at Chancellor Kent's notes attached to the chapter on America in the American reprint of Alison's History of Europe.] [Footnote 52: _Constitution de 1791, Titre Premier._] [Footnote 53: _Constitution de 1791_, Titre III., Sect. 2, Art. 1.]