Interests involved in construction and maintenance of streets -- Requirements of a good roadway -- Wearing effect of traffic -- Mr. Deacon’s standard -- Effect of horses’ hoofs on roadways -- Remarks on shoeing -- Traction on roads -- Tables of resistance -- Forces tending to destroy momentum -- Table of tractive force, etc. -- Another table giving inclinations -- Proper gradients of roadways -- Table of resistance by Crompton -- Wheel resistance -- Mr. Haywood and safety of traffic -- Stopping and starting vehicles -- Safe width of roadways -- Vehicles and pedestrians passing each other -- Sanctuaries -- Danger of crossings 25 CHAPTER V. MACADAMISED ROADWAYS. Laying out new roads -- Macadamised roads a luxury -- Telford and Macadam -- Specification of roadway, fifty years ago -- Modern specification of roadway -- Advantages of Telford’s system -- Hard core -- Concrete -- Table of depths of materials -- Ellice Clarke’s tables of comparative cost -- Further particulars of comparative cost -- Streets of Paris -- Cross section of roadway -- Objections to macadamised roadways -- Notes on maintenance -- Bituminous roadways 34 CHAPTER VI. ROAD METAL AND BREAKING. Test of fitness of stone -- Primary investigations -- Qualities necessary -- List of stones used as road metal -- Variety of materials used -- Table of comparative efficiency of road metal in France -- Hand-broken stone -- Gauging the size -- Quantity broken per diem -- Machines for breaking stones -- Price of machines -- Work effected by machinery -- Precautions necessary -- Objections to machinery -- Weight of broken stone -- Specification for supply of road metal 48 CHAPTER VII. ROAD ROLLING. First introduction of rollers -- Mr. Parry on steam rolling -- Cost for repairs -- Number of men necessary -- Fuel used -- Other uses for engine power -- Spikes for chequering -- Binding material -- Gradients -- Work effected -- Description of manner in which roller should be applied -- Method adopted in the United States -- Use of roller for repairs of roads -- Method adopted at Gloucester -- Effect of weight of roller on roads -- Advantages of steam rolling -- Mr. Paget on rolling -- Disadvantages of steam rolling -- Horse rollers 60 CHAPTER VIII. PITCHED PAVEMENTS. Economy under heavy traffic -- Noise and slipperiness -- Improvements effected -- Size of setts -- Description of best class of stones -- Mr. Walker and wear of stones -- The Euston pavement -- The Guidet paving -- Manchester pavement -- Concrete foundations -- Grouting -- Bituminous mixture -- Stone tram-tracks 73 CHAPTER IX. WOOD PAVING.