[10] Experiments made by the direction of the French Government on the tramway between Sèvres and Versailles, showed that a horse on a level tramway draws three-and-a-half times the weight, at the same speed and with the same expenditure of power, that he can do on an ordinary road. Up a gradient of 1 to 100, he is capable of drawing 2·25 times the weight he can do up the same gradient on an ordinary road, and up a gradient of 1 to 25 he can draw one-and-a-half times the load he can do under similar circumstances on the ordinary road. [11] ‘Report on accidents to Horses on Carriageway Pavements,’ by William Haywood (1874). CHAPTER V. MACADAMISED ROADWAYS. I do not propose in this work to speak of any of the engineering operations necessary to lay out or construct long lines of connecting roadways, as that is a duty which seldom falls to a town surveyor to perform, and there are a great number of treatises and books upon the subject already published. The object of this chapter will be to give some information and hints upon the construction and maintenance of what are known as macadamised roads, suitable for urban and suburban traffic. There can be little doubt that roadways of this description are expensive luxuries where the cost of their maintenance, owing to excessive traffic or other causes, exceeds 2_s._ per square yard per annum, but they are often necessary luxuries when the requirements of the locality are considered, a point to which I drew attention in the preceding chapter upon “Traffic.” For purposes of what may be styled “pleasure traffic,” macadamised roadways are unequalled when well constructed and maintained, but there are many objections to them which will be considered in their place in this chapter. The word macadamised is, as is well known, derived from one John Loudon Macadam, who in the year 1816 first took up the question of putting broken metal upon a road instead of the boulders previously used.[12] His name, being rather a peculiar one, has been attached to this description of road ever since. As a matter of fact, the “macadamised” roadways of the present day are constructed after a method introduced by Thomas Telford as an improvement upon Macadam’s principles, and a perusal of the two following specifications will, I think, show that there is not very much difference between the method introduced by Telford and that followed at the present time. _Specification of a Roadway as designed by Thomas Telford more than fifty years ago._[13]