Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Charlie Howard, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Transcriber’s Notes Superscripts are indicated as ^{x}, e.g., C^{14}. Italics are indicated by _underscores_. Other Notes will be found at the end of this eBook. [Illustration: (inside front and back covers)] [Illustration] THE MUTE STONES SPEAK [Illustration] THE STORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN ITALY PAUL MacKENDRICK ST MARTIN’S PRESS · NEW YORK Copyright © 1960 by Paul MacKendrick All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-8767 Manufactured in the United States of America By H. Wolff, New York TO MY WIFE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book owes much to many: to the Trustees of the American Academy in Rome, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the Research Committee of the University of Wisconsin Graduate School, for giving me the opportunity to spend three years in Italy; to Laurance and Isabel Roberts, for hospitality and moral support; to Axel Boëthius, for friendship and instruction; to Ernest Nash, for photographs and advice; to Mrs. Inez Longobardi, the best and most helpful of librarians and friends; to Ferdinando Castagnoli, for sharing with me his incomparable knowledge of the topography of Rome and Latium; to R. I. W. Westgate and Alston Chase, who taught me Latin at Harvard and have been my friends for thirty years; to the staff of the St. Martin’s Press: Diane Wheeler-Nicholson, and Fred J. Royar, for giving the book so handsome a dress; especially to my colleague J. P. Heironimus, for meticulous proofreading which saved me from much error; and to Frank E. Brown, who introduced me to archaeology and is hereby absolved from responsibility for all untoward results of the introduction. My overarching debt is acknowledged in the dedication. CONTENTS 1. Prehistoric Italy 1 Neolithic sites in Puglia--The _terremare_--Sardinian _nuraghi_-- The early Iron Age: Villanovan and Siculan cultures 2. The Etruscans 25 Introduction--Origins--Etruscan cities--Political organization-- Language--Religion--Creative arts--Life and customs 3. Early Rome 62 The Palatine hut--The Forum necropolis--Rome of the Kings--The “Servian” Wall--The Largo Argentina temples 4. Roman Colonies in Italy 91 Ostia--Alba Fucens--Cosa--Centuriation--Exploiting a frontier 5. Nabobs as Builders: Sulla, Pompey, Caesar 116 The Sanctuary of Fortune at Praeneste--Pompey’s Theater and Portico--Caesar’s Forum 6. Augustus: Buildings as Propaganda 145 Augustus’ Forum--The Arch of Augustus--The Mausoleum--The Altar of Peace 7. Hypocrite, Madman, Fool, and Knave 172 The Cave “of Tiberius” at Sperlonga--The ships of Lake Nemi--The subterranean basilica at the Porta Maggiore--Nero’s Golden House