The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 1 (of 6)Pliny, the Elder
History
The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 1 (of 6)
Pliny, the Elder
Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works
(6.) Between this body and the heavens there are suspended, in this
aërial spirit, seven stars[104], separated by determinate spaces,
which, on account of their motion, we call wandering, although,
in reality, none are less so[105]. The sun is carried along in the
midst of these, a body of great size and power, the ruler, not only
of the seasons and of the different climates, but also of the stars
themselves and of the heavens[106]. When we consider his operations, we
must regard him as the life, or rather the mind of the universe, the
chief regulator and the God of nature; he also lends his light to the
other stars[107]. He is most illustrious and excellent, beholding all
things and hearing all things, which, I perceive, is ascribed to him
exclusively by the prince of poets, Homer[108].
CHAP. 5. (7.)—OF GOD[109].
I consider it, therefore, an indication of human weakness to inquire
into the figure and form of God. For whatever God be, if there be any
other God[110], and wherever he exists, he is all sense, all sight,
all hearing, all life, all mind[111], and all within himself. To
believe that there are a number of Gods, derived from the virtues and
vices of man[112], as Chastity, Concord, Understanding, Hope, Honour,
Clemency, and Fidelity; or, according to the opinion of Democritus,
that there are only two, Punishment and Reward[113], indicates still
greater folly. Human nature, weak and frail as it is, mindful of its
own infirmity, has made these divisions, so that every one might have
recourse to that which he supposed himself to stand more particularly
in need of[114]. Hence we find different names employed by different
nations; the inferior deities are arranged in classes, and diseases and
plagues are deified, in consequence of our anxious wish to propitiate
them. It was from this cause that a temple was dedicated to Fever, at
the public expense, on the Palatine Hill[115], and to Orbona[116], near
the Temple of the Lares, and that an altar was elected to Good Fortune
on the Esquiline. Hence we may understand how it comes to pass that
there is a greater population of the Celestials than of human beings,
since each individual makes a separate God for himself, adopting his
own Juno and his own Genius[117]. And there are nations who make Gods
of certain animals, and even certain obscene things[118], which are not
to be spoken of, swearing by stinking meats and such like. To suppose
that marriages are contracted between the Gods, and that, during so
long a period, there should have been no issue from them, that some
of them should be old and always grey-headed and others young and like
children, some of a dark, complexion, winged, lame, produced from
eggs, living and dying on alternate days, is sufficiently puerile and
foolish. But it is the height of impudence to imagine, that adultery
takes place between them, that they have contests and quarrels, and
that there are Gods of theft and of various crimes[119]. To assist man
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