The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 1 (of 6)Pliny, the Elder
History
The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 1 (of 6)
Pliny, the Elder
Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works
Various circumstances in nature prove to us, that there are impressed
on the heavens innumerable figures of animals and of all kinds of
objects, and that its surface is not perfectly polished like the eggs
of birds, as some celebrated authors assert[95]. For we find that the
seeds of all bodies fall down from it, principally into the ocean,
and, being mixed together, that a variety of monstrous forms are in
this way frequently produced. And, indeed, this is evident to the eye;
for, in one part, we have the figure of a wain, in another of a bear,
of a bull, and of a letter[96]; while, in the middle of them, over our
heads, there is a white circle[97].
(4.) With respect to the name, I am influenced by the unanimous
opinions of all nations. For what the Greeks, from its being
ornamented, have termed κόσμος, we, from its perfect and complete
elegance, have termed _mundus_. The name _cœlum_, no doubt, refers to
its being engraven, as it were, with the stars, as Varro suggests[98].
In confirmation of this idea we may adduce the Zodiac[99], in which
are twelve figures of animals; through them it is that the sun has
continued its course for so many ages.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—OF THE ELEMENTS[100] AND THE PLANETS[101].
I do not find that any one has doubted that there are four elements.
The highest of these is supposed to be fire, and hence proceed the
eyes of so many glittering stars. The next is that spirit, which both
the Greeks and ourselves call by the same name, air[102]. It is by
the force of this vital principle, pervading all things and mingling
with all, that the earth, together with the fourth element, water, is
balanced in the middle of space. These are mutually bound together,
the lighter being restrained by the heavier, so that they cannot fly
off; while, on the contrary, from the lighter tending upwards, the
heavier are so suspended, that they cannot fall down. Thus, by an
equal tendency in an opposite direction, each of them remains in its
appropriate place, bound together by the never-ceasing revolution
of the world, which always turning on itself, the earth falls to
the lowest part and is in the middle of the whole, while it remains
suspended in the centre[103], and, as it were, balancing this centre,
in which it is suspended. So that it alone remains immoveable, whilst
all things revolve round it, being connected with every other part,
whilst they all rest upon it.
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