But what if the inflectional parts of inflected words (nouns and verbs) were once separate words, which have since been incorporated with the radical term? In such a case, the difference between languages of the Chinese, and languages of the classical type would be a difference of degree only. Nay more, in languages like the Chinese the separate words most in use to express relation may become adjuncts or annexes. In this case, inflection is developed out of mere juxtaposition, and composition. Is this a hypothesis or a real fact? It is thus much of a fact. The numerous inflectional languages fall into two classes. In one the inflections have no appearance of having been separate words. In the other their origin as separate words is demonstrable. The nomenclature arising from these distinctions, and requiring notice in the present preliminary remarks, is as follows:-- 1. _Languages of the Chinese type._--Aptotic.[6] 2. _Inflection which can generally be shown to have arisen out of the juxtaposition and composition of different words._--Agglutinate.--Here the incorporation has not been sufficiently complete to wholly disguise the originally independent and separate character of the inflectional addition. 3. _Inflection, wherein the existence of the inflectional elements as separate and independent words cannot be shown._--Amalgamate.--Here the speculator is at liberty to argue from the analogy of the agglutinate inflections, and to suppose that, owing to a greater amount of euphonic influences, the incorporation is more perfect. 4. _Languages of the English type._--Anaptotic.[7] _c._ _Terms descriptive of differences in social cultivation._ 1. _The hunter state._--The full import of this term, which always implies a low degree of civilization, is to be inferred from the extent to which it indicates migratory habits, precariousness of subsistence, and imperfect property in the soil. Changing the land for the sea, the fisher state is essentially the same. 2. _The pastoral state._--Precariousness of subsistence less than in the hunter state. Migratory habits, in many cases, much the same. Higher in the scale of civilization; since the breeding of animals gives moveable property. Property in the soil improved but still imperfect. 3. _The agricultural state._--Migratory habits rare. Precariousness of food but slight. Property in the soil--except in the cases of migratory[8] cultivation--perfect. 4, 5. _Material and moral influences in the history of the world._--The first term means changes effected by physical force only; the second, the influences of religion, literature, science, and political and social morality. FOOTNOTES: [1] From _dolikhos_=_long_, and _kefalæ_=_head_. [2] From _brakhys_=_short_, and _kefalæ_=_head_. [3] From _orthos_=_upright_, and _gnathos_=_jaw_. [4] From _pro_=_forwards_, and _gnathos_=_jaw_. [5] The outline of the hairy scalp. [6] From _a=not_, and _ptosis=a case_.