7. If the granite were not sedimentary, we could not account for the great quantity of sedimentary rock this side. Among the authors of our text books there seems to be a general vagueness concerning the origin of stratified rock, except in regard to coal, which all admit came out of the air. If we should assume that the granite was lava, but all the stratified rock since, until you reach the region of conglomerate, came from the air, how shall we account for the close similarity in appearance and structure of the gneiss and granite? Theory has piled thirty or forty miles of this sedimentary, stratified rock above the granite; whence did it come? Any openings in the granite would let up only lava. Whence the material for sediment? We shall, farther on, show that all primitive rock, like the coal, came from the gases of the atmosphere once enveloping this globe. 8. Our best scientists now readily unite with the keen sighted miner in accounting for this increase of heat as you pass down the shaft, on entirely different principles from those stated in the text books. Prof. Joseph Le Conte says that “Chemical action of air and water upon the rock, as you descend into the Earth’s crust, is undoubtedly the cause of the increase of heat.” Again he says, “This heat is regulated and gauged by the constituents of the rock that you pass.” Now admitting that the rock, as a rule, would show an average increase of heat down to the Carboniferous system, or even to the Devonian, yet there is rock enough beyond that contains so much less carbon, as to show such a decrease of heat that must more than counteract all the increase above. Whether we follow up the old hypothesis, with the laws regulating heat by conduction or chemical action, the theory is utterly without foundation. The late Prof. Norton, of the California State Normal, said in a lecture at Pacific Grove, in 1883, “Every living geologist that I know of in the world will admit, for he _knows_, that the granite was a sedimentary rock.” This sentiment of his speech being reported to Le Conte, he replied, “In this position Prof. Norton is undoubtedly right.” It is thus seen that the Plutonic theory in our text books is at variance with modern experiments, and is proved to be utterly false.