In addition a certain number of interesting innovations have been enacted into legislation. These have as their purpose the participation by parents and pupils in the administration of schools. On the one hand, in the secondary schools there are organized Students’ Councils (Schulgemeinden). These Councils are formed by pupils of the three upper classes, who meet periodically in assembly to discuss questions of instruction--educational matters, quarterly reports, discipline, duties, etc. Teachers attend these meetings without the right to vote. Up to now these assemblies have had only the right to propose reforms without power as yet to make them operative. On the other hand, parents elect for each school a Parents’ Council, one member for every fifty pupils.[56] This Council concerns itself mostly with classes, examination and discipline. If a pupil has committed a fault involving the possibility of expulsion from the schools, it is before this Council that this question is taken. Teachers are sometimes admitted to these deliberations but have not the right to vote. CHAPTER VI THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION AND SOCIALIZATION The Constitution imposes on each German the duty of work. It is not sufficient in modern states, especially in one defeated in war, that every one therein merely work, unless this work is directed in a certain spirit, following a given plan and toward a determined end. The fundamental idea that inspired the Constituent Assembly in the last provisions of its work is as follows: The whole German system of economy, public and private, is destroyed or demolished by the war. Germany cannot dream of rising from its ruins unless it realizes immediate and radical reforms. It must completely reconstruct its former economic system. The whole country must become an immense enterprise directed by a conscious will aimed at a definite goal. All the forces of the country solidly organized and scientifically utilized must be so managed that a maximum of production will be assured. To this end, two series of reforms are contemplated. They are summed up in these words, “councils” and “collective economy.” On the one hand, there is projected an Economic Constitution, whose organs are progressively destined to be parallel to those of the political Constitution. On the other hand, the effort is made to realize in the organization of production and distribution an economic system that is intermediate between that of private economy on the one hand, and a purely socialist régime on the other.