In its largest sense the expression “collective economy” may be defined as an organization, following a certain predetermined plan, of the economic system of a country for the purpose, on the one hand, of obtaining as large an increase as possible in production by the union of all forces affecting economy; and, on the other hand, for the purpose of devoting a proper part of the product to the community or to its productive members.[68] Thus a system of collective economy is any system that increases public influence in private enterprise, on the condition that it results in a more just administration and distribution, particularly in the cases of monopolized industries already organized into trusts or cartels. In practice, the principle of collective economy may be applied under three different forms: (1) The State may take over immediately and entirely the ownership of the industries it wishes to subject to the new régime, and direct by itself and alone, with the aid of its civil servants, the industries which it has seized. _This is complete socialization._ (2) The State may content itself with participating in the ownership of certain private enterprises. It owns, for example, a certain number of shares in a corporation. In such a case, it does not manage the enterprise wholly, but it has the right of codecision in the general direction of affairs. _This is partial socialization._ (3) Finally, the State may leave in the hands of individuals the ownership of enterprises which it wishes to subject to the principles of collective economy; but it unites, if necessary by constraint, all those that belong in one industry or in the same category of industries, such as chemistry, coal, metallurgy, etc. Thus united the enterprises are administered by means of organs in which are represented all the categories of the population interested in it, such as owners, workers, trade unionists, consumers, etc. These organs must be guided, in the direction they give to this management, above all by a concern for the general interests of the commonwealth. This is _collective economy_ properly so-called or _nationalization_. This last form of collective economy is particularly interesting, be it said. For, on the one hand, it avoids the just criticisms of bureaucracy and exaction generally directed against socialism properly so-called. On the other hand, it takes into account the principal demands of the working class at the present time in recognizing for the workers the right to participate in the direction of business enterprises.[69]