The ensemble of all these measures constitutes a strengthening of the right of control by the Reich as compared to the former régime. On the one hand, the recognized right of the Reich to send commissioners to subordinate authorities with, it is true, the consent of the governments of the states, is new. Formerly such imperial commissioners were received only by the governments of the states themselves, instead of allowing immediate access to subordinates as to-day. In addition and above all when difficulties arise especially from the insufficiency of the measures taken by the authorities of the states, the power to settle these difficulties no longer belongs as formerly to a college constituted by the representatives of states, such as was the Bundesrat; but is now the function of the independent organs of the Reich, such as the government of the Reich or the High Court of Justice of the Reich. 4.--JUSTICE AND THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE. The centralizing influence of the Constituent Assembly is manifested, finally, in the provisions which it adopted relating to the organization of justice. We know that in Germany justice, particularly such as is regulated by the laws on the organization of justice, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Code of Criminal Procedure, is administered by the tribunals of the states. The Reich had only one judicial organism, the _Reichsgericht_, whose powers are in principle similar to those of the _Cour de Cassation_ (the highest court of appeal in France). The new Constitution has changed nothing in this system. A proposal submitted in committee for the purpose of giving the Reich full control over the administration of justice and making all judges functionaries of the Reich, was defeated. Now as before the sole authority of the Reich in this domain lies in the _Reichsgericht_. But the Constitution has introduced a new judicial organism whose authority extends over all important cases of a national scope, and constitutes thereby a powerful element in centralization: that is the High Court of Justice. The task of organizing this Court is left by the Constitution to a special law. Until this law enters into effect the powers of this Court are entrusted to a senate of seven members, of which four are nominated by the Reichstag and two by the Reichsgericht.