Journey to Surat—Dr. Rash Behari Ghose—Arrival at Surat—News of attempted assassination of Mr. Allen—Separate Extremist camp—Questions of the Calcutta resolutions—Attitude towards Bombay Moderates—Sir Pherozeshah Mehta—Lajpat Rai as peacemaker—Vain negotiations—First day’s meeting of the Congress—Demonstration against Mr. Banerjea—Suspension of meeting—Alteration of Calcutta Resolutions discussed—Crux of the Boycott resolution—Further vain negotiations—Second day’s meeting—Election of President—Mr. Tilak’s action—Storm in the Congress—The Mahratta Shoe—Meeting breaks up in disorder—Free fight in the pavilion—Meeting of Convention of Moderates next day—Lajpat Rai on the platform—Meeting of Extremists—End of the Congress—Temporary unpopularity of the Moderate leaders 233 CHAPTER XIV A CITY OF GOD Scene by the river at Benares—A pilgrim of the Ganges—How a man’s soul is absorbed into the universal soul—Whether the crowd desire such absorption—How indifference to this transitory life may be obtained—The benefit of symbolism even to the ignorant—The advantage of overcoming earthly desires—The example of Janaka—How far removed we of the common people are from it 263 CHAPTER XV THE PATIENT EARTH Why an Indian official slept in the cold—Famine near Allahabad—Description of country—Wells and tanks—Sir John Hewett and relief—Sympathy of officials in famine—Test works—A state of famine—Wages and rations—Recruiting stations—Roads and dams as relief works—How dams are made—How the people lived—Sir John Hewett on numbers and loss—Financial Statement on the year’s famine—General increase of prices—Probable increase of poverty in certain classes—Various reasons attributed—Comparison of peasants and town workpeople—Peasant incomes—Village labourers and artisans—Wages of Bombay mill-hands—Conditions of labour and housing—Village conditions—Ignorance and monotony—Burdens on the land 270 CHAPTER XVI THE ARYA SAMAJ A Vedic service—The Samaj at Lahore—Its founder Dayananda—Growth and objects—Two divisions—Lajpat Rai’s connection with Samaj—His past history—Devotion to social and religious reform—Visit to England and America—Effect of Liberalism—Causes of neglect of India—He advocates self-reliance—Grievances of the Punjab—His deportation—Suspicion of Arya Samaj—Its avoidance of politics—The Gurukula near Hardwar—System of education—Isolated boyhood—Daily life—Study of Sanscrit—Method of teaching in India criticized—Cost of secondary education at boarding-schools 291 CHAPTER XVII A FESTIVAL OF SPRING