[5] On the Wahabi movement, see A. Le Chatelier, _L'Islam au dix-neuvieme Siecle_ (Paris, 1888); W. G. Palgrave, _Essays on Eastern Questions_ (London, 1872); D. B. Macdonald, _Muslim Theology_ (London, 1903); J. L. Burckhardt, _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys_ (2 vols., London, 1831); A. Chodzko, "Le Deisme des Wahhabis," _Journal Asiatique_, IV., Vol. II., pp. 168 _et seq._ [6] Not to be confused with Sir Syed Ahmed of Aligarh, the Indian Moslem liberal of the mid-nineteenth century. [7] For English alarm at the latent fanaticism of the North Indian Moslems, down through the middle of the nineteenth century, see Sir W. W. Hunter, _The Indian Musalmans_ (London, 1872). [8] For the Babbist movement, see Clement Huart, _La Religion de Bab_ (Paris, 1889); Comte Arthur de Gobineau, _Trois Ans en Perse_ (Paris, 1867). A good summary of all these early movements of the Mohammedan revival is found in Le Chatelier, _op. cit._ [9] _Mishkat-el-Masabih_, I., 46, 51. [10] The best recent examples of this polemical literature are the writings of the Rev. S. M. Zwemer, the well known missionary to the Arabs; especially his _Arabia, the Cradle of Islam_ (Edinburgh, 1900), and _The Reproach of Islam_ (London, 1915). Also see volume entitled _The Mohammedan World of To-day_, being a collection of the papers read at the Protestant Missionary Conference held at Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. [11] Cromer, _Modern Egypt_, Vol. II., p. 229 (London, 1908). For Renan's attitude, see his _L'Islamisme et la Science_ (Paris, 1883). [12] In the year 1633. [13] Ismael Hamet, _Les Musulmans francais du Nord de l'Afrique_ (Paris, 1906). [14] Quoted by Dr. Perron in his work _L'Islamisme_ (Paris, 1877). [15] The Mollahs are the Moslem clergy, though they do not exactly correspond to the clergy of Christendom. Mohammed was averse to anything like a priesthood, and Islam makes no legal provision for an ordained priestly class or caste, as is the case in Christianity, Judaism, Brahmanism, and other religions. Theoretically any Moslem can conduct religious services. As time passed, however, a class of men developed who were learned in Moslem theology and law. These ultimately became practically priests, though theoretically they should be regarded as theological lawyers. There also developed religious orders of dervishes, etc.; but primitive Islam knew nothing of them. [16] From the article by Leon Cahun in Lavisse et Rambeaud, _Histoire Generale_, Vol. XII., p. 498. This article gives an excellent general survey of the intellectual development of the Moslem world in the nineteenth century. [17] Especially his best-known book, _The Spirit of Islam_ (London, 1891). [18] S. Khuda Bukhsh, _Essays: Indian and Islamic_, pp. 20, 24, 284. (London, 1912). [19] 1856 to 1878. [20] For the liberal movement among the Russian Tartars, see Arminius Vambery, _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_ (London, 1906).