[21] Ismael Hamet, _Les Musulmans francais du Nord de l'Afrique_, p. 268 (Paris, 1906). [22] S. Khuda Bukhsh, _op. cit._, p. 241. [23] Sheikh Abd-ul-Haak, in Sherif Pasha's organ, _Mecheroutiette_, of August, 1921. Quoted from A. Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_, Constantine, Algeria, 1913. [24] For such discussion of legal methods, see W. S. Blunt, _The Future of Islam_ (London, 1882); A. Le Chatelier, _L'Islam au dix-neuvieme Siecle_ (Paris, 1888); Dr. Perron, _L'Islamisme_ (Paris, 1877); H. N. Brailsford "Modernism in Islam," _The Fortnightly Review_, September, 1908; Sir Theodore Morison, "Can Islam be Reformed?" _The Nineteenth Century and After_, October, 1908; M. Pickthall, "La Morale islamique," _Revue Politique Internationale_, July, 1916; XX, "L'Islam apres la Guerre," _Revue de Paris_, 15 January, 1916. CHAPTER II PAN-ISLAMISM Like all great movements, the Mohammedan Revival is highly complex. Starting with the simple, puritan protest of Wahabism, it has developed many phases, widely diverse and sometimes almost antithetical. In the previous chapter we examined the phase looking toward an evolutionary reformation of Islam and a genuine assimilation of the progressive spirit as well as the external forms of Western civilization. At the same time we saw that these liberal reformers are as yet only a minority, an elite; while the Moslem masses, still plunged in ignorance and imperfectly awakened from their age-long torpor, are influenced by other leaders of a very different character--men inclined to militant rather than pacific courses, and hostile rather than receptive to the West. These militant forces are, in their turn, complex. They may be grouped roughly under the general concepts known as "Pan-Islamism" and "Nationalism." It is to a consideration of the first of these two concepts, to Pan-Islamism, that this chapter is devoted.