Palestine, 128, 130 _f._, 134, 212–16. Papacy, Normandy and the, 22, 72, 74, 79, 91, 136, 165, 168; relations with southern Normans, 192, 200, 202–05, 210, 221, 238. Paris, 33 _f._, 76, 96, 136–38, 140; basin, 8, 125; Parlement of, 141 _f._; university of, 177. Paris, Gaston, quoted, 185. Peasants, Norman, 157 _f._ Peers, court of, 138 _f._ Perche, 7. Peter the Hermit, 211. Petrarch, 246. Pevensey, 75. Philip Augustus, 19, 24, 95, 116, 122; character, 126; struggle with Plantagenets, 127–29, 131–39; on the Third Crusade, 128–30; policy in Normandy, 142, 163. Philip d’Harcourt, bishop of Bayeux, 167; his library, 178–80. Picardy, 7 _f._ Pilgrims, Normans as, 193–96, 198 _f._, 241. Pisa, 221, 232. Plantagenets, origin of, 61, 85, 89. See Henry II, Richard, John. _Plateæ_, 228. Poitiers, 88, 160. Poitou, 62, 75, 88, 90, 100, 128, 138 _f._ Pontorson, 160. Poole, R. L., 114; quoted, 107. Powicke, F. M., 147; quoted, 139, 141, 153. Prentout, H., 24, 51, 147. Provence, 90. Quevilly, 163. Rabelais, 169. Racine, 11. Ragnar Lodbrok, 42. Ranulf, _vicomte_, 59. _Raven, Lay of the_, 38. Renaissance, of twelfth century, 235–40, 245 _f._ Rhys, J., quoted, 49. Richard the Lion-Hearted, king, 85, 95, 116, 153–55; character, 120–22, 126, 129 _f._; Crusade, 127–31, 215; struggle with Philip Augustus, 127–29, 131–36; death, 136. Richard of Aversa, 204. Richard, abbot of Préaux, 180. Richard, bishop of Bayeux, 177. Richard Fitz-Neal, author of _Dialogus_, 104, 106. Richard the Good, duke, 52, 73, 195. _Rigsmal_, quoted, 38. Robert Crispin, 195. Robert Curthose, duke, 89, 96, 154, 212 _f._ Robert the Devil, 52. Robert Guiscard, 186, 200–08. Robert the Magnificent, 52 _f._, 65, 195. Robert of Selby, 229. Robert of Torigni, 167, 172 _f._, 178, 180. Roger I, the Great Count, 200, 202, 206–11, 225. Roger II, king of Sicily, 24, 206, 210 _f._, 219–22, 225–34, 238–49. Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia, 206 _f._, 213. Roger of Toeni, 195. Roland, _Song of_, 80, 184 _f._, 193. Rollo, duke, 26–29, 42, 45 _f._, 184. Romanesque, Norman, 12, 186–89. Romans, Normandy under, 16, 20 _f._, 26; southern Italy under, 197. Rome, pilgrimages to, 194 _f._; Normans at, 205. Rossano, 237. Rouen, 1 _f._, 9 _f._, 21, 26, 46, 60, 73, 88, 95, 117, 133 _f._, 136, 139, 142, 144, 153, 172, 175, 178, 200; described, 9, 162 _f._; churches, 2, 9, 12, 162 _f._, 169, 171, 187; _Établissements_, 160–62; commerce, 160, 162; libraries, 178. See Eudes Rigaud. Round, J. H., 77, 83, 114. Russia, 30. _Saga, Burnt Njal_, 11; of Harold Fairhair, 28; of St. Olaf, 46. Saint-Céneri, 154. Saint-Évroul, 154, 171, 173, 176, 178, 181–83, 195, 206. See Ordericus. Saint-Lô, 10.