Adobe brick and adobe clay in various forms were largely employed by the South-western and Mexican Amerinds, and there are evidences that some tribes in the Mississippi valley also used it. In the Rio Grande valley the adobe is made into large bricks, sun-dried and laid up with a mortar of the same material. Otherwise the villages are much the same as those described. One of the best modern examples of the adobe construction is the village of Taos in north-eastern New Mexico. (See illustration page 3.) Another method of employing adobe is seen in the famous ruin called _Casa Grande_, near Florence, Arizona, which our government recently repaired so that it will endure for a considerable time. This was made by the cajon method; that is, the adobe mud was rammed into large chests or boxes of wicker, without top or bottom, and when the material was sufficiently dried to hold its shape the frame was removed and the operation repeated till the wall was finished. The ruin referred to is only one of a number that were still standing in an area of about sixty-five acres in 1744, when Father Sedelmair saw them. He described the present ruin as having four stories, but only three are now distinguishable at the highest part. Its age is unknown. Its builders are supposed to have been the ancestors of the present Pimas, though probably there was considerable difference in the matter of culture. Father Kino, in 1694, was the first European to see the place and it was a ruin then. It was doubtless a communal dwelling like all the other large structures of the Amerinds of this region. Its size on the ground is forty-three by fifty-nine feet. Partitions three or four feet thick divide the interior into five rooms, the middle one having higher walls than the rest. The adobe blocks are two feet high, three to five long, and three or four across, and are almost as hard as sandstone while dry. There may have been upper stories of plastered wattled posts. Another famous ruin similar to this is the _Casas Grandes_ in Chihuahua, Mexico. It is built in much the same way as _Casa Grande_, and there are more buildings there standing. Probably there were at one time a great many structures of this kind in that region, and there may be others still standing in less explored parts. In the Salt River valley many of the buildings were of a somewhat different type again, as concerns their wall construction.[205] The Hemenway Expedition excavated a great many sites and found that the walls were often adobe rammed in between two series of posts wattled with reeds and cross-braced with sticks, the outer part of the wattled frames being plastered with adobe mortar. The thinner walls were constructed with only one line of wattled posts plastered on both sides, after the manner of the Mexican construction known as jacal, which is a set of poles fixed in the ground and then plastered on one or both sides with mud. The upper stories of some of the Rio Grande