=Caprifolium.= See Lonicera. =Caragana= (Siberian Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._ Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally increased by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised from seeds, sown when ripe or in spring. =Carapa.= _Meliaceæ._ Increased by ripe cuttings, which will root in sand under glass, in a moist heat. =Cardamine,= including Pteroneurum (Lady's Smock). _Cruciferæ._ Seeds. Propagated easily by division after flowering. =Cardinal-flower.= See Lobelia. =Carduncellus.= _Compositæ._ Seeds. Increased by divisions of the roots. =Carex=(Sedge). _Cyperaceæ._ Propagated by seeds, or by divisions. Seeds often lie dormant the first year. =Careya.= _Myrtaceæ._ Propagated by division, or by ripened cuttings, which root freely if planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in moist bottom heat. =Carica= (Papaw-tree). _Passifloreæ._ Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots with their leaves on. They root readily in a sandy soil, and in a gentle bottom heat. =Carissa.= _Apocynaceæ._ Increased by cuttings of ripe wood placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat. =Carlina.= _Compositæ._ Increased by seeds sown in spring. With difficulty by divisions. =Carmichælia.= _Leguminosæ._ Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in sand under a glass, in a cool house in late spring. =Carnation.= _Caryophylleæ._ By propagating by seed, new and excellent varieties are raised. Sow the seeds in April or May, and in a slight hot-bed or in a greenhouse. Also propagated by layering, which should be done at the end of July or the beginning of August. The shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves at the base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from this point upwards, extending through a joint of the bare stem, so that a tongue is formed. Increased also by cuttings. It is necessary to have a slight bottom heat, and on it put four or five inches of light soil, covered with clean sand. The cuttings must be long enough to have a tolerably firm base, and they must either be taken with a heel or cut off at a joint, and firmly inserted in the soil. This is the ordinary method. See Fig. 52, _b_. =Carob=, Algaroba, or St. John's Bread (_Ceratonia siliqua_). _Leguminosæ._ Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds are often treated to scalding water before sowing, in the same manner as locust seeds. Varieties are grafted or budded on the seedlings, or they may be multiplied by means of hard-wood cuttings in frames. =Carpinus= (Hornbeam). _Cupuliferæ._ Increased by seeds, which vegetate irregularly. Varieties propagated by budding or grafting. =Carpodinus.= _Apocynaceæ._ Propagated easily from cuttings of half-ripened shoots.