The Old Humanities and the New ScienceOsler, William, Sir
Philosophy
The Old Humanities and the New Science
Osler, William, Sir
Classical education; Science
For what does this Association stand? What are these classical interests
that you represent? Take a familiar simile. By a very simple trick, you
remember, did Empedocles give Menippus in the moon-halt--the first stage
of his memorable trip--such long and clear vision that he saw the tribes
of men like a nest of ants, a seething mass going to and fro at their
different tasks. Of the function of the classical members in this
myrmecic community there can be no question. Neither warriors, nor
slaves, nor neuters, you live in a well-protected social environment,
heretofore free from enemies, and have been well taken care of. I hate
to speak of you as larvæ, but as such you perform a duty of the greatest
import in this trophidium stage of your existence. Let me explain. From
earliest days much attention has been paid by naturalists to the
incredible affection "--incredible [Greek: storgê]," Swammerdam calls
it--which ants display in feeding, licking, and attending the larvæ.
Disturb a nest, and the chief care is to take them to a place of safety.
This attention is what our symphilic community--to use a biological
term--bestows on you. So intensely altruistic, apparently, is this
behaviour, that for the very word "[Greek: storgê]," which expresses the
tenderest of all feelings, there is a difficulty in finding an
equivalent; indeed, Gilbert White used it almost as an English word. The
truth is really very different.
It has been shown that the nursing function--or instinct--is really
trophallactic. In the case of the ant the nurse places the larva on its
back, and the broad ventral surface serves as a trough for the food,
often predigested. The skill and devotion with which this is done are
among the wonders in the life of the insect to which moralists have
never tired of urging a visit. But listen to the sequel! The larva is
provided with a pair of rich honey-bags in the shape of salivary glands,
big exudatoria from which is discharged an ambrosia greedily lapped up
by the nurse, who with this considers herself well paid for her care. In
the same manner, when the assiduous V.A.D. wasp distributes food to the
larvæ, the heads of which eagerly protrude from their cells, she must be
paid by a draught of nectar from their exudatoria, while if it is not
forthcoming the wasp seizes the head of the larva in her mandibles and
jams it back into its cell and compels it to pay up. The lazy males will
play the same game and even steal the much-sought liquid without any
compensatory gift of nourishment.[7]
[7] Professor Wheeler in _Proceedings of Amer. Phil. Soc._, vol.
LVII, no. 4, 1918.
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