The Old Testament in the Light of the Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and BabyloniaPinches, Theophilus G. (Theophilus Goldridge)
Religion
The Old Testament in the Light of the Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia
Pinches, Theophilus G. (Theophilus Goldridge)
Bible. Old Testament -- Criticism, interpretation, etc.
The remains of some further lines exist, but they are very uncertain, the
beginnings and ends being broken away. All that can be said is, that the
poem concluded in the same strain as the last twelve lines preserved.
In the foregoing pages the reader has had placed before him all the
principal details of the Babylonian story of the Creation, and we may now
proceed to examine the whole in greater detail.
If we may take the explanation of Damascius as representing fairly the
opinion of the Babylonians concerning the creation of the world, it seems
clear that they regarded the matter of which it was formed as existing in
the beginning under the two forms of Tiamtu (the sea) and _Apsû_ (the
deep), and from these, being wedded, proceeded “an only begotten son,”
_Mummu_ (Moumis), conceived by Damascius to be “no other that the
intelligible world proceeding from the two principles,” _i.e._ from Tiamtu
and _Apsû_. From these come forth, in successive generations, the other
gods, ending with Marduk or Merodach, also named Bêl (Bêl-Merodach), the
son of Aa (Ea) and his consort Damkina (the Aos and Dauké of Damascius).
Judging from the material that we have, the Babylonians seemed to have
believed in a kind of evolution, for they evidently regarded the first
creative powers (the watery waste and the abyss) as the rude and barbaric
beginnings of things, the divine powers produced from these first
principles (Laḫmu and Laḫamu, Anšar and Kišar, Anu, Ellila, and Aa, and
finally Marduk), being successive stages in the upward path towards
perfection, with which the first rude elements of creation were ultimately
bound to come into conflict; for Tiamtu, the chief of the two rude and
primitive principles of creation, was, notwithstanding this, ambitious,
and desired still to be the creatress of the gods and other inferior
beings that were yet to be produced. All the divinities descending from
Tiamtu were, to judge from the inscriptions, creators, and as they
advanced towards perfection, so also did the things that they created
advance, until, by contrast, the works of Tiamtu became as those of the
Evil Principle, and when she rebelled against the gods who personified all
that was good, it became a battle between them of life and death, which
only the latest-born of the gods, elected in consequence of the perfection
of his power, to be king and ruler over “the gods his fathers,” was found
worthy to wage. The glorious victory gained, and the Dragon of Evil
subdued and relegated to those places where her exuberant producing power,
which, to all appearance, she still possessed, would be of use, Merodach,
in the fulness of his power as king of the gods, perfected and ordered the
universe anew, and created his crowning work, Mankind. Many details are,
to all appearance, wanting on account of the incompleteness of the series,
but those which remain seem to indicate that the motive of the whole story
was as outlined here.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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