EXERCISE.--Exemplify generally the equable concrete, loud concrete, radical stress, and median stress, with upward and downward intervals, with clear, sharp openings, and with gradually attenuated vanishes, upon each of the _tonic elements_. The =Subtonics= possess the properties of vocality and prolongation in some degree, but much less perfectly than the tonics, and their vocality (known as the _vocal murmur_) is the same for all. They are as follows:--_b_, _d_, _g_, _v_, _z_, _y_, _w_ (as in _woe_), _th_ (as in _then_), _zh_ (as _z_ in _azure_), j (as in _judge_, by some considered not elementary), _l_, _m_, _n_, _ng_ (as in _sing_), _r_ (as in _ran_), and _r_ (as in _far_). They can not, without great effort, be given an abrupt opening, and so are not capable of much radical fulness, but from their property of vocality they can receive, to a considerable degree, an exemplification of the vanishing movement. EXERCISE.--Utter the word _bud_ slowly, and detach from the rest of the word the obscure murmur heard in pronouncing the first letter: this is the _subtonic_ represented by _b_. Utter this sound with different degrees of initial pitch, and with different intervals, both downward and upward. Produce as full an opening of the radical movement as possible, but do not attempt to give it much stress. Obtain in every case a distinct vanish. Be careful not to convert the subtonic into a tonic. Proceed in a similar manner with the other subtonics. Then, distinctly obtaining the subtonics, unite them severally with the sound of _ae_, first forcibly, then more gently, producing such syllables as _bae_, _dae_, etc., which may be rendered with upward and downward intervals, and with different degrees of initial pitch. Finally, with such syllables as _aeb_, _aed_, _aeg_, _aev_, etc., exemplify all the varieties of stress. The =Atonics= correspond with the first eleven of the subtonics as given above, from which they differ almost alone in having _no_ vocality. They are _p_, _t_, _k_, _f_, _s_, _h_, _wh_ (as in _when_), _th_ (as in _thin_), _sh_, and _ch_ (as in _child_, by some considered not elementary). EXERCISE.--1. Form a list of such words as _pipe_, _tote_, _kick_, _fife_, _siss_, etc., and severally utter them slowly, holding the final element for a moment, and then letting the breath escape suddenly; then, holding the initial letter firmly for a moment let it come forcibly against the sound of the remainder of the word, producing an abrupt opening, and radical stress of the vowel concrete. 2. Aspirate strongly the atonics as given above.