The organisation of thought, educational and scientificWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
The organisation of thought, educational and scientific
Whitehead, Alfred North
Education
Sense-objects are correlated by time-relations and space-relations.
Three simultaneous sense-objects which are also spatially coincident,
are combined by thought into the perception of one cat. Such
combination of sense-objects is an instinctive immediate judgment in
general without effort of reasoning. Sometimes only one sense-object
is present. For example, we hear mewing and say there must be a cat
in the room. The transition from the sense-object to the cat has
then been made, by deliberate ratiocination. Even the concurrence of
sense-objects may provoke such a self-conscious effort. For example, in
the dark we feel something, and hear mewing from the same place, and
think, Surely this is a cat. Sight is more bold; when we see a cat, we
do not think further. We identify the sight with the cat, whereas the
cat and the mew are separate. But such immediate identification of
a sight object and an object of thought may lead to error; the birds
pecked at the grapes of Apelles.
A single sense-object is a complex entity. The sight-object of a
tile on the hearth may remain unchanged as we watch it in a steady
light, remaining ourselves unchanged in position. Even then it is
prolonged in time, and has parts in space. Also it is somewhat
arbitrarily distinguished from a larger whole of which it forms part.
But the glancing fire-light and a change in our position alters the
sight-object. We judge that the tile thought-object remains unchanged.
The sight-object of the coal on the fire gradually modifies, though
within short intervals it remains unchanged. We judge that the coal
thought-object is changing. The flame is never the same, and its shape
is only vaguely distinguishable.
We conclude that a single self-identical sight-object is already a
phantasy of thought. Consider the unchanging sight-object of the tile,
as we remain still in a steady light. Now a sense-object perceived at
one time is a distinct object from a sense-object seen at another time.
Thus the sight of the tile at noon is distinct from its sight at 12.30.
But there is no such thing as a sense-object at an instant. As we stare
at the tile, a minute, or a second, or a tenth of a second, has flown
by: essentially there is a duration. There is a stream of sight, and
we can distinguish its parts. But the parts also are streams, and
it is only in thought that the stream separates into a succession of
elements. The stream may be "steady" as in the case of the unchanging
sight-tile, or may be "turbulent" as in the case of the glancing
sight-flame. In either case a sight-object is some arbitrarily small
part of the stream.
Again, the stream which forms the succession of sight-tiles is merely a
distinguishable part of the whole stream of sight-presentation.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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