8. Maximus was Bishop of Turin about 458-465 A. D. We possess as yet only a very defective edition of the treatises _Contra Paganos_ and _Contra Judaeos_ (Migne, _Patr. lat._, LVII, col. 781 ff.). 9. Particularly the _Carmen adversus paganos_ written after Eugene's attempt at restoration in 394 A. D. (Riese, _Anthol. lat._, I, 20) and the _Carmen ad senatorem ad idolorum servitutem conversum_, attributed to St. Cyprian (Hartel. ed., III, p. 302), which is probably contemporaneous with the former. 10. On this point see the judicious reflections of Paul Allard, _Julien l'Apostat_, I, 1900, p. 35. 11. Hera was the goddess of the air after the time of the Stoics ([Greek: Hera] = [Greek: aer]). 12. Cf. _supra_, pp. 51, 75, 99, 120, 148. Besides the Oriental gods the only ones to retain their authority were those of the Grecian mysteries, Bacchus and Hecate, and even these were transformed by their neighbors. 13. The wife of Praetextatus, after praising his career and talents in his epitaph, adds: "Sed ista parva: tu pius mystes sacris | teletis reperta mentis arcano premis, | divumque numen multiplex doctus colis" (_CIL_, 1779 = Dessau, _Inscr. sel._, 1259). 14. Pseudo-August. [Ambrosiaster], _Quaest. Vet. et Nov. Test._, (p. 139, 9-11, Souter ed.): "Paganos elementis esse {283} subiectos nulli dubium est.... Paganos elementa colere omnibus cognitum est"; cf. 103 (p. 304, 4 Souter ed.): "Solent (pagani) ad elementa confugere dicentes haec se colere quibus gubernaculis regitur vita humana" (cf. _Rev. hist. lit. rel._, VIII, 1903, p. 426, n. 3).--Maximus of Turin (Migne, _P. L._, LVII, 783): "Dicunt pagani: nos solem, lunam et stellas et universa elementa colimus et veneramur." Cf. _Mon myst. Mithra_, I, p. 103, n. 4, p. 108. 15. Firmicus Maternus, _Mathes._, VII prooem: "(Deus) qui ad fabricationem omnium elementorum diversitate composita ex contrariis et repugnantibus cuncta perfecit." 16. _Elementum_ is the translation of [Greek: stoicheion], which has had the same meaning in Greek at least ever since the first century (see Diels, _Elementum_, 1899, pp. 44 ff., and the Septuagint, Sap. Sal., 7, 18; 19, 17.) Pfister, "_Die [Greek: stoicheia tou kosmou] in den Briefen des Paulus_," _Philologus_, LXIX, 1910, p. 410.--In the fourth century this meaning was generally accepted: Macrobius, _Somn. Scipionis_, I, 12, Sec. 16: "Caeli dico et siderum, aliorumque elementorum"; cf. I, 11, Sec. 7 ff. Martianus Capella, II, 209; Ambrosiaster, _loc. cit._; Maximus of Turin, _loc. cit._; Lactantius, II, 13, 2: "Elementa mundi, caelum, solem, terram, mare."--Cf. Diels, _op. cit._, pp. 78 ff.