But the properties (or quality) of a compound are not merely the _sum_ of the qualities of the different kinds of atoms composing its molecules (a molecule being the smallest possible quantity of a given substance or compound). Water, for example, is not merely the addition of the qualities of one atom of oxygen to those of two atoms of hydrogen (H₂O). It is something quite different from either of these two elements. And just so the color of blue sulphate of copper is not a mere mixture of the colors of sulphuric acid and copper. Again, the experiments of Dr. P. W. Bridgman[11] showed that while the application of ordinary pressures to ice causes it to melt, the application of high pressures to water causes it to freeze, and that “there are at least five different kinds of ice, only one of which we are ordinarily familiar with” (Page 192). Paraffin, under pressures as high as 20,000 atmospheres, “becomes more rigid than soft steel” (Page 188). Water, heretofore regarded as absolutely incompressible, was found to decrease in volume about twenty per cent with a pressure under 12,000 atmospheres. Professor W. T. Marvin could well say, in considering the shortcomings of ancient atomic theories, that “even with our wealth of physical information we cannot yet explain by a rigorous atomistic mechanics water transforming into ice or a stick of wood burning, not to mention the phenomena of living organisms.” Modern science recognizes that not only different _results_ may be obtained under different conditions, but that _absolutely new qualities_ emerge at critical moments, both in the domain of chemistry and in the phenomena of biology. We talk now of _emergent evolution_. “We live in a world in which there seems to be an orderly sequence of events.... But the orderly sequence, historically viewed, appears to present, from time to time, something genuinely new.... If there be only regrouping of pre-existing events and nothing more--then there is no emergent evolution.”[12] In the gradual transition from non-living to living matter, an entirely new and peculiar type of energy--“biotic energy” _emerges_, which is not explicable merely on the grounds of increasing complexity of atomic structure. “We call things _living_ because of the energy changes they exhibit, and not because they are complex chemically or physically.” A dead animal is just as _complex_ as a living organism. What is missing is “biotic energy”--the form of energy which gives rise to the distinctive energy-transformations “which we aggregate together under the term _life_.” The recognition of this fact, however, does not commit us to the outworn doctrine of “vitalism” or to the Aristotelian “entelechy.”[13]