The Origin of Finger-PrintingHerschel, William James
History
The Origin of Finger-Printing
Herschel, William James
Fingerprints
Same day. A. C. Howard, District Superintendent of Police, Nuddea,
afterwards Assistant Commissioner at Scotland Yard, and knighted for his
services there, as Sir Charles Howard. He gladly gave me a 'repeat' in
London after forty-six years. It will be seen how good the persistence
has been.
Same day. Three other Assistant Magistrates on the unusually large staff
of the district. Among these was F. K. Hewitt, B.C.S., afterwards
Commissioner of Chota Nagpur. Twenty-six years later, at my request, he
furnished Sir Francis Galton with the 'repeat' printed on p. 93 of his
famous work 'Finger-prints' (Macmillan, 1892). I have much later repeats
taken at Oxford.
Same day. Ninian H. Thomson, Judge of the Court of Small Causes. He
kindly sent me a repeat twenty-eight years later from Florence, and this
also appears in the same work, p. 93.
Very early in my experiments I entertained misgivings about the
possibility of the impressions being forged by the professional
criminals whom we had so much reason to fear. I therefore submitted some
specimens to the best artists in Calcutta to imitate. Their failure
sufficed to dispel all anxiety on that point. None of them come near
Bewick's engravings in accuracy.
Before I left Kishnagar (Nuddea) the violence of the Indigo disturbances
had been subdued, but the Courts became choked with suits for
enhancement of rent upon the recalcitrant cultivators, and the sore
point about the genuineness of leases, &c., became aggravated. I took
courage from despair, and in my judicial capacity (if I remember right)
addressed an official letter to the Government of Bengal, definitely
advocating administrative action to enforce the use of 'finger-prints'
by both parties as necessary to the validity of these documents.
Unfortunately I kept no private draft of this letter, and have lost the
date, probably 1862 or 1863. It must, however, be on record, both in
Nuddea and in the Calcutta Secretariat. Nothing came of it, and I took
no more pains about it. But a few years ago I was pleasantly reminded by
Mr. Horace Cockerell, for some time Secretary to the Government, who
gave me the history of its reception, viz. that it had been deemed
inadvisable, when things were quieting down, to raise a new controversy
of the sort. He added that it was a matter of regret now, that no action
whatever had been taken, but he pointed out that legislation would have
been necessary to make the new marks admissible in evidence, and to get
such a law on the spur of the moment would have been hopeless. That
difficulty had certainly never occurred to me when I made the
suggestion. But how weighty an objection it was is shown by the fact
that it was long, even after the value of finger-prints had been
established in practice, before the High Court of Calcutta, in a leading
case, declared that the evidence could not be excluded, nay more, that
it was cogent. This was many years before such a case in England. At the
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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