Footnote 113: γεωργοὶ μὲν γὰρ καὶ τεχνῖται καὶ πᾶν τὸ θητικὸν ἀναγκαῖον ὑπάρχειν ταῖς πόλεσιν, μέρη δὲ τῆς πόλεως τό τε ὁπλιτικὸν καὶ βουλευτικόν, Aristot. _Pol._ IV. (VII.), 1329_a_; cp. VII. (V.), 1317_a_. Footnote 114: _Pol._ III. 1278_a_. Footnote 115: _Pol._ IV. (VII.), 1326_a_. The _Politics_ was based on a series of studies of particular constitutions one of which, the _Constitution of Athens_, was recovered from an Egyptian rubbish heap some thirty years ago. When Aristotle says that a city of artizans cannot attain to greatness we may feel fairly sure that artizans had played no prominent part in any of the Greek cities since the Persian wars. For the period before that his information must have been less reliable. Footnote 116: _c. Eubulidem_, 32 (1308). Footnote 117: Pollux, III. 82; cp. Photius s.v. “θητεία· δουλεία.” Footnote 118: See _e.g._ Xen. _Oecon._ IV. 2–3, and cp. the unusually sympathetic account of the working classes in the sophist Prodicus, a contemporary of Socrates: “let us proceed to the artizans and mechanics (χειρωνακτικοὺς καὶ βαναύσους), toiling from night to night and with difficulty providing themselves with the necessities of life and bewailing themselves and filling all their sleepless hours with lamentation and tears.” Mullach, _Frag. Phil. Gr._ II. 139. Footnote 119: _Arbeit. u. Comm._ p. 46. Footnote 120: Women were of course involved in the consequences of the Peloponnesian war. “I am told that many women citizens (ἀσταὶ γυναῖκες) became wet nurses and day labourers and grape pickers (τιτθαὶ καὶ ἔριθοι καὶ τρυγήτριαι) as a result of the misfortunes of the city in those times.” Dem. _c. Eubul._ 45 (1313); cp. Xen. _Mem._ II. 7 f. Footnote 121: Cp. the trouble that the Romans were always having with their disbanded troops. Footnote 122: Aristoph. _Plut._ 510–525. Footnote 123: Plut. _Ages._ 26; Polyaen. II. 1. 7; cp. Xen. _Hell._ VI. 1. 5. Footnote 124: Aristot. _Pol._ III. 1278_a_. Aristotle is of course a more valuable authority for his own days than for his “ancient times.” Footnote 125: Plato, _Rep._ II. 371_e_. So Cic. _de Off._ I. 42, “est ipsa merces auctoramentum seruitutis.” Cp. Zimmern, _Sociological Review_, 1909, p. 174, who however, when he says that “the Greeks never took kindly to wage earning” is thinking mainly of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. and rather disregarding the evidence for conditions at that period being of comparatively recent growth. Footnote 126: Ciccotti, _Tramonto d. Schiavitù_, pp. 124 f. In the extant fragments of the Erechtheum accounts for 409 B.C. the payments are partly by the piece, partly by the day. Footnote 127: Cavaignac, _Études Financ._ p. 173. For the large growth of the servile population in fourth century Attica see Beloch, _Rhein. Mus._ 1890, pp. 555 f. Footnote 128: