Archaeology; Civilization, Ancient; Despotism; Greece -- History -- To 146 B.C.; Wealth
Plato indeed in the _Critias_[220] speaks of Πάρνηθος τῶν ἄκρων; but for
the Athenians the peaks of Parnes are ἄκρα with a local qualification,
not simply τὸ ἄκρον or τὰ ἄκρα; just as we in England speak of the peaks
of Snowdon or Skiddaw, but apply the word unqualified to the heights of
Derbyshire. The unqualified expression applied to the Northern heights
of Attica was “the land of the mountain (ἡ ὀρεινή)[221],” not “the land
of the ἄκρον.” The name Diakria appears therefore to be derived
geographically not from Mount Parnes but from Cape Sunium[222].
Herodotus, as already noticed, gives the Sunium district another name.
He calls the country between Sunium, Thoricus, and Anaphlystus, _i.e._
the Laurium mining district, by the name of the γουνὸς Σουνιακός[223].
But as in the same sentence he speaks of the ἄκρη of this district, his
allusion is less of a difficulty to regarding this district as the
original Diakria than it is to the orthodox view, which identifies it
with the Paralia (Coast). Especially is this so if we assume that by his
days the name Diakria had spread Northward beyond the mining region, so
that a new name was wanted for the Southern apex of the peninsula. This
assumption is of course only a reversal of the current view, that
extends the name indefinitely Southwards from Parnes.
It has sometimes been forgotten in the discussion of these names that we
are dealing with common nouns that were used by the Greeks with
different connotations at different places and periods like the English
downs or forest[224]. Epakria appears to have been used in more than one
sense even within the limits of Attica[225]. Possibly the name was
applied at large to any region of ἄκρα. If we prefer to assume that it
spread from a single district the balance of probabilities points to the
name having spread Northwards from the district round Sunium.
From yet another point of view the words Diakria, Hyperakria, Epakria
favour the mining interpretation. The inhabitants of El Dorado of Greek
legend, the land of the Golden Fleece, are said to have occupied the
ἄκρα of the Caucasus[226].
[Illustration: Fig. 1. Lophos Loutrou from Daskalio station.]
[Illustration: Fig. 2. On the road from Daskalio station to Plaka.]
[Illustration: Fig. 3. Kamaresa.]
[Illustration: Fig. 4. Kitsovouno from Kamaresa.]
Views in the Laurium mining district.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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