[242] Cf. Kingsley, _Travels_, p. 473. On the difficulty of deciding whether a given piece of sculpture is to be interpreted as an idol or as a merely memorial portrait, see Brinton, _Report upon the Collections_, etc., p. 33. [243] Schweinfurth, _Artes Africanæ_, pl. viii. f. 5; Cruickshank, _Eighteen Years on the Gold Coast_, ii. pp. 270, 271; Schmeltz, _Ethnol. Abtheil. des Mus. Godeffroy_, p. 241. [244] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 173, 174. The same views have been expressed by Finsch, _Ethnologische Erfahrungen_, pp. 255-257; _Samoafahrten_, pp. 47-49, 75, 175. [245] Polack, _New Zealand_, i. pp. 115, 116, 236, 237; Robley, _Moko_, pp. 88 _sq._ Cf. about “Moko”-tattooing as a means of recognising individuals, living or dead, Robley, _l.c._ pp. 131, 146, 147, 159. [246] Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen_, i. pp. 258-261. The remarks of Herr Andree have been emphatically supported by von den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Central Brasiliens_, p. 244; cf. also Hoffman, _Ethnographic Observations_, in U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey, 1876, especially p. 475. [247] Im Thurn, _Indians of Guiana_, pp. 403-410. On similar grounds the application of Herr Andree’s theory to the North American Petroglyphs has been opposed by Mallery, in _Rep. Bur. Ethnol._ x. pp. 28, 29 (“Picture-writing of the American Indians”). [248] Svoboda, in _Archiv für Ethnographie_, v. pp. 162, 163. Cf. also Meyer, _Bilderschriften des Ostindischen Archipels_, p. 1. [249] Cf. Grey, _Journals_, ii. p. 310. [250] As typical illustrations of this class of legends we may instance the Polynesian poems quoted by Fornander, _The Polynesian Race_, ii. 12-19, 284-286. [251] Cf. pp. 160, 161, in the preceding, and Gill, _From Darkness to Light_, pp. 248-264. [252] See Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, i. p. 286; iv. pp. 79, 101, 105; Pritchard, _Polynesian Reminiscences_, p. 125; Polack, _New Zealanders_, ii. p. 167; and, above all, the collection of traditional war-poetry from the Hervey Group, published by Gill in _From Darkness to Light_. [253] Cf. above, p. 165. [254] Oviedo, _Histoire des Indes_, pp. 69, 70; Markham, in the Introduction to his translation of _Ollanta_, pp. 1, 2; Spencer, _Descr. Soc._ ii. pp. 13, 68, 70, 71; Forbes, _Dahomey_, ii. p. 13. On historical songs among the military tribes of Africa cf. also Shooter, _The Kafirs_, p. 268; Burton, _Lake Regions_, i. p. 263 (Wagogos). As regards the influence of war on early Arab poetry see Posnett, _Comparative Literature_, p. 133. [255] Cf. _e.g._ the humble traditions of the Kubus, as quoted by Forbes, _Wanderings_, p. 243. [256] Laing, _Travels_, p. 186 (Village Kamia); Dobrizhoffer, _The Abipones_, ii. pp. 430, 431.