[312] Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas_, pp. 58, 59; Steinen, _Under den Naturvölkern_, pp. 191, 192; Lisiansky, _Voyage_, p. 86; Moseley in _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ vi. p. 398; Finsch, _l.c._ pp. 64, 85, 225; Roth, W. E., _N.W.C. Queensland Aborigines_, p. 113; Wilken, _Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 37, 38; _Führer durch das Museum für Völkerkunde_, p. 87. [313] Roth, _l.c._ p. 114. [314] Wilken, _l.c._ p. 38; cf. also Steinen, _l.c._ pp. 195, 196. [315] Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, p. 209. [316] For some curious superstitions of this kind see Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, i. p. 269. [317] Somerville, in _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xxiii. p. 368 (Notes on the New Hebrides). [318] Elworthy, _The Evil Eye_, pp. 16, 148-154; Schurtz, in _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxii. p. 60 (Amulette und Zaubermittel); Svoboda, _Geschichte der Ideale_, i. pp. 294-296, on obscene amulets in classical art. It may be remarked that ithyphallic talismans are especially numerous in and about New Guinea. Cf. Schmeltz in De Clercq, _Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea_, p. 244. [319] Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne Worte_, p. 275. Cf. also the obscene and indecent character of the devil dances on Ceylon—Sirr, _Ceylon_, ii. p. 52. To the same superstitious motives we may perhaps also ascribe the occurrence of improper dances and pantomimes at funerals, _i.e._ at an occasion when there is especial reason to fear the influence of malignant spirits. For instances of such funeral ceremonies see Laing, _Travels_, p. 368 (Soolimas); Metz, _Neilgherry Hills_, pp. 77, 78 (Badagas); Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, vi. p. 407 (Polynesia). The interpretation of these peculiar rites must, however, necessarily be only hypothetical. For other explanations of them see Réclus, _Les Primitifs_, p. 242, and Svoboda, _l.c._ i. p. 557. [320] On exposure as an offence cf. the instructive instances quoted in Ellis, _Man and Woman_, p. 61. [321] Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_, i. p. 64. On superstitious motives for covering the organs of generation cf. also Crawley in _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xxiv., especially pp. 441, 442 (Sexual Taboo). The Bible text (Genesis ix. 21-25), which has been interpreted by Schurtz (_Philosophie der Tracht_, p. 56) as a case of modesty, is undoubtedly to be explained by reference to phallic superstitions. [322] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, p. 125. On somewhat similar notions entertained by the North American Indians, cf. the instances quoted in Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 24. [323] Hartland, _Legend of Perseus_, i. pp. 179, 180; cf. also Marsden, _Sumatra_, p. 297 (Lampongs). [324] Hartland, _l.c._ i. p. 170. [325] _Ibid._ i. p. 170; Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, ii. p. 237. [326] Cf. Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, pp. 173 sq.; Joest, _Tätowiren_, p. 56.