Now the will of Napoleon, when he wished Italy to be politically a copy of France, was a very empirical will, and the men who tried to carry out his wishes because they loved Italy were not any more transcendental. In this question they took no notice of what were the spiritual and political conditions of their country, and yet surely a constitution is an expression of mind. In all this however their blunder paved the way to a better understanding of the matter. Everybody realised that in order to have anything like an independent government the first thing was to be a great and unified country. When the ideas that had led in France to the Revolution and Republic were developed in Italy, according to the mentality of the great Italians, they blended with all that was particular to Italy and expressed themselves in an Italian movement: the Risorgimento. It cannot be over emphasised, for the importance of the point is great; the same ideas that caused the Republic to become for more than a century the form of French government, gave birth to the Kingdom of Italy. Roughly, the same can be said of Fascism. Its ideas and doctrine will spread whether they meet with favour or hostility, because they are Italian just as Liberalism is English, that is to say they are Italian in their methods of actuation and perfectly universal in their philosophical content. “Equality, fraternity, liberty,” was the eighteenth century cry, and it might be the cry of the Fascists. Their revolutionary contribution to the history of politics is the denial of natural rights, natural rights being understood as something the determination of which is anterior to the birth of man, as the quality of a cabbage or a rose tree is anterior to its birth. Right is so narrowly linked to duty that for this school of thought it cannot be anterior to consciousness. Therefore man must be considered and rated in the State only according to spiritual value and actual economic or intellectual interest. The natural rights of man are denied. The spiritual value, entitling man to citizenship, cannot be acquired by him once for all and enjoyed without effort. He must daily and continuously be working for the vindication of the rights he has won, and for the conquest of those he seeks. Citizenship is not a chattel lying in a man’s possession: its only reality is bound to the performing of the duties correlative of rights. There Fascism meets with all our religious communities; in all Israelite and Christian Communities or Churches the new-born child is admitted on the pledge, taken for him by sponsors, that he will discharge his duties and accept the law of the community of which he becomes a member. Such a pledge he has to confirm on his coming to adult state.