[43] Ibid., p. 449, from P. B. PINO, _Notícias históricas_ (Méjico, 1848); and _Ninth U.S. Census_ (1870). The later figure may represent only the town proper; earlier statistics generally included outlying settlements. _The Architecture of the Moradas_ In a modern map (Figure 2), circles enclose the Mission of Abiquiú and its two _penitente moradas_. The _moradas_ lie 300 meters east and 400 meters south of the main plaza onto which Santo Tomás Mission faces from the north. Between the _moradas_ rests the local burial ground (_campo santo_), a cemetery that serves _penitentes_ as "Calvary" (_calvario_) in their Lenten re-enactment of the Passion. [Illustration: FIGURE 2. The Abiquiú area, showing the Chama River, U.S. Highway 84, and siting of buildings (the mission of Santo Tomás and the two _moradas_ are circled).] _Penitente moradas_ share a common system of _adobe_ construction with the religious and domestic structures of New Mexico. While the Indians set walls of puddled earth directly on the ground, the Spaniards, following Moorish precedent, laid _adobe_ bricks on stone foundations. Standard house-size _adobes_ average 15 by 30 by 50 centimeters. _Adobe_ bricks are made by packing a mixture of mud, sand, and straw into a wood frame from which the block then is knocked out onto the ground to dry in the sun. Stones set in _adobe_ mortar provide a foundation. The sun-dried bricks, which are also laid in _adobe_ mortar, form exterior, load-bearing walls and interior partitions. Spanish _adobe_ construction also employs wood. Openings are framed and closed with a lintel that projects well into the wall. These recessed lintel faces often are left exposed after the plastering of adjoining surfaces. Roofs are transverse beams (_vigas_), which in turn hold small cross branches (_savinos_) or planks (_tablas_). A final layer of brush and _adobe_ plaster closes the surface cracks. Plank drains (_canales_), rectangular in section, lead water from this soft roof surface (Figure 3). [Illustration: FIGURE 3. North roofline of east _morada_, showing exposed ends of ceiling beams (_vigas_), chimney of oratory stove, and construction of water drain (_canal_).] Domestic _adobe_ structures differ from ecclesiastic buildings in scale and in spatial arrangement. Colonial New Mexican churches are relatively large, unicellular spaces. Their simple nave volume often is made cruciform by a transept whose higher roof allows for a clerestory. A choir loft over the entry and a narrowed, elevated sanctuary further articulate the space at each end of the nave. In contrast, _Hispano_ houses consist of several low rooms set in a line or grouped around a court (_placita_) in which a gate and porch (_portal_) are placed. Rooms vary in width according to the length of the transverse beams, which usually are from four to six meters long.[44]