Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
Wissler makes no mention of Mexican or Southwestern occurrences of the
kettle-drum or water-drum, but the trait is common in these regions.
The Aztec had the kettle-drum (Sahagún, _A History of Ancient Mexico_,
1:87, 91). Beals (_Comparative Ethnology_, 112, 188, Table 71) lists the
atabale or kettle-drum in Tehueco, Culiacan, Tepic (Zentispac), Tarasco,
and Mexico. The pottery drum is Lacandone, Natchez and Chitimacha also
(Swanton, _Aboriginal Culture_, 708, in Beals, 188). Stevenson (_The
Zuñi_, 39) mentions a Tepehan pottery drum struck loudly at certain
ceremonies to insure the presence of beings who would keep the singing of
songs correct. The Western Apache have “male” and “female” water drums
(Henry, J., _Cult of Silas John Edwards_). The Huichol use no drum in the
peyote ceremony; the Tamaulipecan peyote-drum is the wooden type, as is
also the Tarahumari drum (Bennett and Zingg, _The Tarahumara_, 67-68) and
the Huichol drum, which is “alive” (Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, 2:32-34).
The Taos is the standard peyote drum; but the pottery drum is found among
non-users of peyote: e.g., Navaho, Chiricahua, W. Apache, Jicarilla,
Yavapai and Pueblo in general (Spier, information).
[66] Hoebel, _Comanche Field Notes_; Skinner, _Societies of the Iowa_,
724, 758; Densmore, _The Peyote Cult_; Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 65; Speck,
_A Study of the Delaware_, _passim_.
[67] Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 405-409; Opler, _The Influence of Aboriginal
Pattern_; Radin, _Crashing Thunder_, 176; Opler, _Carrizo Field Notes_.
The feather as a symbol of delegated authority is also found in the Ghost
Dance.
[68] Cf. Boas, _Anthropology_, 91, “... the feathers of the Dakota
Indians ... by the way they are cut and painted, express warlike
exploits.”
[69] Hills, _Eating Medicine with the Quapaws_.
[70] Harrington, _Religion and Ceremonies_, 188; Opler, _The Influence of
Aboriginal Pattern_. _Handbook of the American Indians_, 1:455-56, “The
downy feather was to the mind of the Indian a kind of bridge between the
spirit world and ours.” Note the Ponca whistling along the water bucket
feather.
[71] Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 403, 405, 407.
[72] The Oto and Arapaho wear tufts of down feathers on their hair in
meetings; cf. the Tarahumari shaman’s feather headdress which tells him
all the bird knew and protects him by preventing air from entering his
head and making him ill (Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, 1:313).
[73] Mooney, _Peyote Notebook_, 28. Crashing Thunder visioned an eagle
with outspread wings in a meeting once (Radin, 188-89).
[74] Huichol peyote fetishes include the squirrel, skunk, birds and the
shaman’s fetish plant; the Tarahumari have the squirrel, birds and peyote
plant; the southern Plains birds and the peyote plant; and the northern
Plains the plant only—an interesting degeneration in complexity of
symbolism, a sort of diffusionist law of inverse squares.
[75] Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 401, 406; letter of L. L. Meeker to Mooney.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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