Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
Some two dozen songs, previously reported in the text, show Christian
influence. The closing song of the Negro Church of the First-born was
the Christian hymn, “Till We Meet Again,” but the majority of peyote
songs have native words. The Rave rite, derived from the Oto and the
Quapaw (influenced by the Christianity of Jonathan Koshiway and John
Wilson, respectively), contained more Christian elements in symbolism
and song than the Jesse Clay cult. This was the more aboriginal, yet
he back-handedly quoted the Scriptures to justify the plain staff
(“like Moses’”) of his ceremony as against the decorated staff of Rave.
Occasional peyote visions show Christian influence: some of Crashing
Thunder’s were of this sort, and a Kiowa had visions of a mitred priest
who nodded smilingly and approvingly at the father peyote on the altar,
but in the visions collected Christian elements are uncommon.[12]
Mexican peyotism and the Wilson rite were influenced by Catholicism,
but the Church of the First-born and the Native American Church by
Protestantism (the Russellites, the Mormons, etc.). At the first Oto
meeting attended a vessel was passed around in the morning for a
“free-will offering,” as in Protestant churches, and the Pawnee, Kiowa
and others have “Ladies’ Auxiliaries” to the local Native American
Church. These women have quilting parties, can fruit, make up box
lunches to raise church money and visit the sick, much as their White
sisters do. Other White elements appear in the meetings themselves. The
Iowa leader and fireman, for instance, shake hands with everyone in the
tipi after the ritual feast, in token of friendship and good will. The
Osage and Quapaw “round-houses,” too, are in obvious imitation of White
peoples’ churches, but the Osage are criticized for ostentation along
White “leisure class” lines. More conservative groups make disparaging
remarks about the “beds” in their meetings, their electric lights in the
round house, and their cigars—some Osage churches are even provided with
spittoons!
Yet when all these features have been summed up, it is still clear that
the layer of Christianity on peyotism is very thin and superficial
indeed. Furthermore, the Christianized Wilson and Rave rites among
the Caddo and Winnebago are currently losing followers to the more
conservative Hoag and Jesse Clay moons—and there are frequent
expostulations against the mixing of the native religion with the
White.[13] Some groups feel no inconsistency in belonging to both
the peyote church and some White Protestant sect as well, but the
unfriendliness of the functionaries of the latter groups toward peyotism
and their lack of reciprocal tolerance has driven many borderline cases
openly into the peyote church. The Indians feel, perhaps rightly, that
peyotism is their last strong link with the aboriginal past, which others
are trying to destroy. Hence it has contributed greatly to the sense of
community and morale of the Indian groups in Oklahoma.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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