the provisional regulations of December 9, 1893. (Grifol y Aliaga, pp. 126, 127, note 5.) [49] José de Calasanz, or as he is sometimes called, Joseph de Calasanzio, was born at Peralta, Cataluña, in 1556, and became a well-known ecclesiastic. On the occasion of a visit to Rome in 1592, touched with compassion at the neglected condition of the poor children, he renounced his ecclesiastical honors in Spain and devoted himself to the work of teaching in Rome. There he founded the Congregation of the Piaristes, consisting of regular clerics, about 1,600, whose object was the charitable education of poor children. The congregation was approved in 1617 by Paul V, who permitted members to take the simple vows and adopt their own rules. In 1621 Gregory XV gave them the title of "Regular clerics of the poor, under the protection of the Mother of God, for charitable schools." The work soon spread to the rest of Italy, and to Germany and Poland. The mother house is at Rome. Its founder, who died in 1648, and was canonized in 1767, refused to accept the honors of bishop or cardinal. See Grande Encyclopédie. [50] Article 9 of the decree of the General Division of Civil Administration, of February 4, 1889, prescribes that on Sunday after mass the boys shall assemble at the school for an hour, so that the religious or parish priest may give them the religious teaching that he deems advisable (Grifol y Aliaga, p. 131, note 1). [51] In 1868, the studies for the normal school for female teachers were given in this school. The report on the education of girls presented by the friars at the exposition at Madrid in 1887 speaks as follows of it: "While strictly speaking there is no other normal school for female teachers than that of Nueva Cáceres, we believe, nevertheless, that this name can be given to the municipal school for girls of this capital, which is the only institution for young women supported from public funds--that is, from the funds of the municipality of Manila. It is true that schoolmistresses can, and actually do, graduate from any girls' school of this capital, and even from any private school, as, according to the law in force to secure this title, the passing of the regular examination is sufficient; but we believe that the only institution of this character in Manila which deserves the title of teachers' school is the municipal school, and we therefore include in the same chapter this school and that of Santa Isabel of Nueva Cáceres." See Census of Philippines, iii, pp. 615, 616. [52] In the Madrid periodical Nuestro Tiempo of November 25, 1905 (pp. 317-331), is an article by Eduardo Sanz y Escartin, of the Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, entitled "La instrucción pública en España" ("Public instruction in Spain"), which gives a good résumé of the condition and needs of education in Spain at present.